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Related Concept Videos

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
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Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

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Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
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Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia
10:41

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia

Published on: September 12, 2020

Is this dystonia?

Alberto Albanese1, Stefania Lalli

  • 1First Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy. alberto.albanese@unicatt.it

Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society
|June 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diagnosing torsion dystonia is challenging due to varied symptoms and lack of tests. This study proposes a new clinical algorithm to standardize the diagnostic process for better accuracy.

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Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia
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Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia

Published on: January 27, 2018

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia
10:41

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia

Published on: September 12, 2020

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia
10:05

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia

Published on: January 27, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Movement Disorders

Background:

  • Torsion dystonia involves sustained muscle contractions leading to abnormal postures and repetitive movements.
  • Diagnosis is often delayed due to variable presentations, subtle physical signs, limited diagnostic tests, diverse causes, and co-occurring movement disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel diagnostic algorithm for systematizing the clinical evaluation of torsion dystonia.
  • To enhance the consistency and accuracy of dystonia diagnosis through a structured approach.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a clinical diagnostic algorithm focused on recognizing hallmark physical signs of dystonia syndromes.
  • Systematic approach to the diagnostic sequence based on clinical expertise.

Main Results:

  • The proposed algorithm aims to standardize the clinical diagnostic workout for dystonia.
  • Recognition of key physical signs is foundational for a structured diagnostic sequence.

Conclusions:

  • A structured clinical algorithm can improve the diagnostic process for torsion dystonia.
  • Future integration of validated diagnostic tools may further enhance the algorithm's utility.