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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
Membrane Proteins01:30

Membrane Proteins

Plasma membranes have integral transmembrane proteins involved in facilitated transport. These proteins are collectively referred to as transport proteins, and they function as either channels for the material or as carriers themselves. Channel proteins have hydrophilic domains exposed to the intracellular and extracellular fluids and a hydrophilic channel through their core that provides a hydrated opening for solutes to pass through the membrane layers. Passage through the channel allows...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Protein Folding Quality Check in the RER01:29

Protein Folding Quality Check in the RER

ER is the primary site for the maturation and folding of soluble and transmembrane secretory proteins. The calnexin cycle is a specific chaperone system that folds and assesses the confirmation of N-glycosylated proteins before they can exit the ER lumen. The primary players of this quality check pipeline are the lectins, ER-resident chaperones, and a glucosyl transferase enzyme. In case the calnexin system in the lumen fails to salvage a misfolded protein, it is transported to the cytoplasm...

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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Measuring Glucose Uptake in Drosophila Models of TDP-43 Proteinopathy
07:07

Measuring Glucose Uptake in Drosophila Models of TDP-43 Proteinopathy

Published on: August 3, 2021

[Glucose regulated protein 78 kD].

Yi-Yuan Wu1, Ye-Peng Yang, Zai-Quan Li

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.

Sheng Li Ke Xue Jin Zhan [Progress in Physiology]
|June 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

GRP78, also known as BiP, is a crucial chaperone protein regulating endoplasmic reticulum functions. Its expression is linked to diseases like cancer and hepatic steatosis, offering potential therapeutic targets.

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Measuring Glucose Uptake in Drosophila Models of TDP-43 Proteinopathy
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Extracellular Glucose Depletion as an Indirect Measure of Glucose Uptake in Cells and Tissues Ex Vivo
10:35

Extracellular Glucose Depletion as an Indirect Measure of Glucose Uptake in Cells and Tissues Ex Vivo

Published on: April 6, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • GRP78 (BiP) is a conserved heat shock protein 70 family member.
  • It is a central regulator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions, including protein folding, Ca2+ homeostasis, and unfolded protein response.
  • GRP78 also mediates anti-apoptotic actions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the regulatory mechanisms of GRP78 gene transcription.
  • To investigate the role of GRP78 in various human diseases.
  • To highlight the clinical relevance of GRP78.

Main Methods:

  • Identification of cis-regulatory elements (ERSE, CRE) on the GRP78 promoter.
  • Analysis of epigenetic interactions between transcription factors (e.g., AFT6) and GRP78 promoter elements.
  • Review of clinical and biochemical research on GRP78 expression in diseases.

Main Results:

  • Specific cis-elements (ERSE, CRE) regulate GRP78 transcription.
  • Epigenetic interactions involving transcription factors like AFT6 influence GRP78 expression under stress.
  • A cellular relationship between GRP78 and hepatic steatosis, cancer, and nervous system diseases has been established.

Conclusions:

  • GRP78 transcription is dynamically regulated by epigenetic mechanisms.
  • Altered GRP78 expression is associated with significant human pathologies.
  • Further research into GRP78 may yield therapeutic benefits for various diseases.