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Related Concept Videos

The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a uterine...
Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle length...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
07:20

Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity

Published on: December 21, 2012

Recognising, understanding and managing endometriosis.

Ian S Fraser1

  • 1Professor Fraser is a Professor in Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Elizabeth II Research Institute for Mothers and Infants, University of Sydney, NSW.

Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences
|June 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Endometriosis involves uterine-like tissue outside the uterus, presenting varied symptoms and likely multifactorial causes. Diagnosis in general practice is difficult, with laparoscopy being the current gold standard.

Keywords:
Endometriosisdiagnosislaparoscopymanagementpathological mechanisms

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Area of Science:

  • Gynecology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Endometriosis is characterized by endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus.
  • The condition exhibits significant variability in symptoms and likely has multifactorial origins, including genetic predisposition.
  • Women with endometriosis display functional disturbances in their eutopic endometrium compared to unaffected individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define endometriosis and its key characteristics.
  • To highlight the diagnostic challenges in general practice.
  • To identify the current gold standard for diagnosing pelvic endometriosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing knowledge on endometriosis.
  • Analysis of the clinical presentation and etiological factors.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic standards for pelvic endometriosis.

Main Results:

  • Endometriosis definition: presence of histologically similar endometrial tissue outside the uterus.
  • Recognized multifactorial etiology with a strong familial component.
  • Significant functional differences in eutopic endometrium of affected women.
  • Diagnostic difficulty in general practice settings.

Conclusions:

  • Endometriosis is a complex condition with diverse symptoms and probable multifactorial etiology.
  • Accurate diagnosis of endometriosis is challenging in primary care.
  • Diagnostic laparoscopy remains the definitive method for diagnosing pelvic endometriosis.