Ratio Level of Measurement
Ordinal Level of Measurement
Reliability and Validity
Design Example: Measuring Distance Between Two Points with Obstructions
Scaling
Differential Leveling
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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Problem-Solving Before Instruction (PS-I): A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
Published on: September 11, 2021
Insu Paek1, Deborah G Peres, Mark Wilson
1Educational Testing Service, Rosedale Road, MS-O2P, Princeton, NJ 08541, USA. ipaek@ets.org
This study developed a unified scale from two math exams, the Golden State Math Exam and California Standard Math Test, for more efficient testing. Linking these statewide tests improves measurement and item combination.
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