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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Preparation of Primary Myogenic Precursor Cell/Myoblast Cultures from Basal Vertebrate Lineages
07:51

Preparation of Primary Myogenic Precursor Cell/Myoblast Cultures from Basal Vertebrate Lineages

Published on: April 30, 2014

Physiological thyroid hormone levels regulate numerous skeletal muscle transcripts.

W Edward Visser1, Karen A Heemstra, Sigrid M A Swagemakers

  • 1Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands. t.j.visser@erasmusmc.nl

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
|July 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Physiological thyroid hormone (TH) levels significantly impact skeletal muscle gene expression, regulating hundreds of genes involved in metabolism. This study reveals novel TH-responsive genes and microRNA regulation in muscle tissue.

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Human Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Procedures Using the Modified Bergström Technique
07:20

Human Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Procedures Using the Modified Bergström Technique

Published on: September 10, 2014

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Preparation of Primary Myogenic Precursor Cell/Myoblast Cultures from Basal Vertebrate Lineages
07:51

Preparation of Primary Myogenic Precursor Cell/Myoblast Cultures from Basal Vertebrate Lineages

Published on: April 30, 2014

Human Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Procedures Using the Modified Bergström Technique
07:20

Human Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Procedures Using the Modified Bergström Technique

Published on: September 10, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Skeletal muscle is a key target for thyroid hormone (TH).
  • The specific genes regulated by physiological TH levels in muscle remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of L-thyroxine on the human skeletal muscle transcriptome.
  • To identify genes regulated by physiological thyroid hormone levels in skeletal muscle.

Main Methods:

  • Microarray analysis of skeletal muscle biopsies from 10 thyroidectomized patients under euthyroid and hypothyroid conditions.
  • Gene expression changes were quantified using microarrays and analyzed with statistical methods.
  • Validation of key gene expression changes was performed using quantitative PCR.

Main Results:

  • Detected 607 differentially expressed genes in response to L-thyroxine treatment, with ~60% positively and ~40% negatively regulated.
  • Identified overrepresentation of genes involved in energy and fuel metabolism among up-regulated genes, many newly linked to thyroid status.
  • Observed significant down-regulation of microRNA pair miR-206/miR-133b transcripts by L-thyroxine therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Physiological TH levels regulate a wide array of genes in human skeletal muscle.
  • Novel TH-responsive genes identified may explain clinical effects related to thyroid status.
  • TH regulation of microRNAs adds complexity to understanding TH's cellular influence.