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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
Flail Chest-I01:24

Flail Chest-I

Overview of Flail Chest
Flail chest is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the fracture of three or more adjacent ribs in multiple places. It is most commonly caused by direct impacts and trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or injuries from a steering wheel impact. It can also occur due to falls in elderly individuals with osteoporosis, or assaults involving sharp objects.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of flail chest is complex, involving fractures of...
Flail Chest-II01:26

Flail Chest-II

Managing flail chest, a condition characterized by a segment of the chest wall moving independently from the rest of the thoracic cage, requires a comprehensive approach. It includes a thorough assessment of the patient's condition, a diagnostic evaluation to determine the extent of the injury, and the implementation of appropriate medical interventions tailored to the individual's needs.
Assessment:
1. Clinical Evaluation:
History:
Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Impulse01:13

Impulse

According to Newton’s second law of motion, the rate of change of the momentum of an object is the net external force acting on it. The total change in momentum between two timepoints thus depends on both the external force acting on it and the time over which it acts. Describing this mathematically, the total change of an object’s motion is proportional to the force vector and the time over which it is applied. This product is called impulse.
Additionally, it can be shown that the total...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor
07:28

A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor

Published on: July 24, 2012

Whiplash injury.

G Bannister1, R Amirfeyz, S Kelley

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK. gordon-bannister@tiscali.co.uk

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume
|July 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Whiplash injuries, often from low-speed car crashes, cause significant economic impact. Most patients recover fully, but predicting long-term outcomes remains a challenge.

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A Novel Vertebral Stabilization Method for Producing Contusive Spinal Cord Injury
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A Novel Vertebral Stabilization Method for Producing Contusive Spinal Cord Injury

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A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact
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A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact

Published on: September 21, 2017

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor
07:28

A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor

Published on: July 24, 2012

A Novel Vertebral Stabilization Method for Producing Contusive Spinal Cord Injury
09:24

A Novel Vertebral Stabilization Method for Producing Contusive Spinal Cord Injury

Published on: January 5, 2015

A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact
07:30

A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact

Published on: September 21, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Traumatology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Whiplash injury poses a significant economic burden, costing the UK economy approximately £3.64 billion annually.
  • The majority of whiplash injuries result from low-speed (under 14 mph) rear-end vehicle collisions.
  • Common symptoms include neck pain, stiffness, headache, and radiating pain/numbness in the upper limbs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the causes, outcomes, and prevention strategies for whiplash injuries.
  • To highlight the economic impact and typical clinical presentation of whiplash.
  • To discuss the prognosis and predictability of recovery from whiplash.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on whiplash injury.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data regarding causes and incidence.
  • Examination of clinical outcomes and recovery rates.

Main Results:

  • Over 66% of patients achieve a full recovery from whiplash.
  • A small percentage (2%) experience permanent disability due to whiplash.
  • Prognosis for whiplash outcome can be predicted in approximately 70% of cases after three months.

Conclusions:

  • Whiplash injuries are common, costly, and primarily caused by low-speed impacts.
  • While most recover, a portion face long-term disability, necessitating effective prevention and management.
  • Predictive factors for recovery exist, aiding in patient management and resource allocation.