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Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

Stages of General Anesthesia

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A key...

Continuing Care

Continuing Care

Continuing care describes the variety of health, personal, and social services provided over a prolonged period. The need for continuing care is increasing because people are living longer. Many people do not have families or others to care for them. Continuing care is mainly for patients who are disabled, functionally dependent, or suffering from a terminal disease. It is available within institutional settings or in homes. Examples include nursing centers or facilities, assisted living,...

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[The palliative sedation therapy].

Paolo Cattorini¹

¹Dipartimento di Medicina e Sanità Pubblica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy.

Medicina Nei Secoli

|July 3, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Palliative sedation therapy induces unconsciousness to manage intractable symptoms at the end of life. This therapy is morally permissible, distinct from euthanasia, and ethically supported by principles like double effect and informed consent.

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Area of Science:

Medical Ethics
Palliative Care

Context:

Palliative sedation is employed to alleviate intractable suffering in dying patients.
Ethical considerations surrounding end-of-life care are complex and require careful examination.

Purpose:

To analyze the ethical permissibility of palliative sedation therapy.
To explore the application of the principle of double effect and informed consent in this context.

Summary:

Palliative sedation involves inducing unconsciousness to manage unbearable symptoms, distinguishing it from euthanasia.
The therapy is considered morally licit, even from a Catholic ethical standpoint.
Ethical analysis incorporates the principle of double effect and elements of informed consent, including advance directives.

Impact:

Provides an ethical framework for the use of palliative sedation.
Clarifies the moral standing of palliative sedation in end-of-life care.
Supports the integration of narrative ethics in medical decision-making for dying patients.