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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Fabrication of the Composite Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface (C-RPNI) in the Adult Rat
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Published on: February 25, 2020

Human cortical prostheses: lost in translation?

Stephen I Ryu1, Krishna V Shenoy

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, California 94301, USA. seoulman@stanford.edu

Neurosurgical Focus
|July 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain-controlled prosthetics show promise, with existing proof-of-concept systems in humans. However, widespread clinical use requires overcoming challenges in system durability, performance, and patient safety to ensure benefits outweigh risks.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Fabrication of the Composite Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface (C-RPNI) in the Adult Rat
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Characterization of the Sense of Agency over the Actions of Neural-machine Interface-operated Prostheses
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Characterization of the Sense of Agency over the Actions of Neural-machine Interface-operated Prostheses

Published on: January 7, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Rehabilitation Technology

Background:

  • Direct brain control of prosthetic systems is advancing rapidly.
  • Proof-of-concept cortically-controlled prostheses have been demonstrated in animal models and humans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current state of brain-controlled prosthetic technology.
  • To identify key challenges hindering clinical translation.
  • To discuss the future outlook for these systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature and existing proof-of-concept systems.
  • Analysis of factors limiting clinical application.

Main Results:

  • Cortically-controlled prosthetic systems have achieved proof-of-concept in multiple species, including humans.
  • Significant challenges remain for widespread clinical adoption, including system durability, performance, and patient safety.
  • Public and fiscal support exists to address these challenges.

Conclusions:

  • While promising, brain-controlled prosthetics face substantial hurdles before becoming clinically available.
  • Addressing system limitations and ensuring patient safety are critical for successful translation.
  • The field is at a pivotal point, requiring focused research to determine the ultimate clinical viability of these advanced neural technologies.