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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: January 11, 2019

gPS navigates germ cells to pluripotency.

Niels Geijsen¹, Konrad Hochedlinger

¹Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA. ngeijsen@mgh.harvard.edu

|July 3, 2009

Summary

Researchers successfully created pluripotent stem cell lines from mouse testes, proving they originate from spermatogonial stem cells. This breakthrough advances stem cell research and understanding of testicular cell development.

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Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions

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Published on: November 27, 2017

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: January 11, 2019

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions

Published on: November 27, 2017

Area of Science:

Reproductive Biology
Stem Cell Science
Developmental Biology

Background:

Establishing pluripotent stem cell lines from testes has been challenging due to an incomplete understanding of their cellular origins.
Previous research lacked definitive proof regarding the specific cell types within testes capable of generating pluripotent stem cells.

Discussion:

Ko et al. (2009) provide reproducible methods for generating pluripotent cell lines from murine testes.
The study unequivocally demonstrates that these pluripotent cell lines originate from spermatogonial stem cells.
This finding clarifies a critical aspect of testicular stem cell biology.

Key Insights:

Spermatogonial stem cells are the source of pluripotent cell lines derived from testes.
Reproducible generation of these cell lines is now achievable.
This research resolves a long-standing question in stem cell biology.

Outlook:

Potential applications in regenerative medicine and understanding male infertility.
Further investigation into the reprogramming mechanisms of spermatogonial stem cells.
Foundation for developing new therapeutic strategies targeting testicular disorders.