Hematein chelates of unusual metal ions for tinctorial histochemistry

Hematoxylin is oxidized easily to hematein, an excellent stain for metal ions. If it already is bound to a substrate, the metal ion becomes a mordant linking the dye to the substrate. Metal ions added to hematein in solution are chelated by the hematein to form a lake. Most of these chelates stain animal tissues. They usually are bound to the tissue by a combination of hydrogen bonding of the hematein and ionic bonding of the metal ion. When binding of the lake to the tissue occurs by way of the metal ion, the metal ion is a mordant. Mordant staining often is specific. Chromium hematoxylin binds to strong acids; it can be made selective for protein-bound sulfonic acids. Zirconyl hematoxylin is selective for acidic mucins. Mucihematein can be made selective for all acidic mucins or for sulfomucins alone. Bismuth hematoxylin appears to be selective for the guanido group of arginine and there is some evidence that the bonding is covalent. Although it is not a histochemical stain, copper-chrome hematoxylin is an excellent stain for organelles with double membranes, i.e., mitochondria and nuclei.