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Related Concept Videos

Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Published on: December 1, 2023

Antigen processing and presentation in multiple sclerosis.

Christina Stoeckle1, Eva Tolosa

  • 1Department of General Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 27, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany. christina.stoeckle@web.de

Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation
|July 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary

CD4(+) T cells drive multiple sclerosis (MS) by interacting with MHC II-peptide complexes. Understanding how antigen-presenting cells create and degrade these epitopes is key for developing new MS therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neuroimmunology
  • Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis

Background:

  • CD4(+) T cells are central to multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis.
  • Their activation and function depend on interactions with MHC class II-peptide complexes on antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
  • The processing and presentation of self-antigens by APCs significantly influence MS disease progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the creation of MHC class II antigenic epitopes by different APCs.
  • To discuss the balance between epitope creation and destruction in MS.
  • To highlight the potential for future therapeutic strategies based on this understanding.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on T cell-APC interactions in MS.
  • Analysis of epitope processing and presentation by thymic, peripheral, and central nervous system APCs.
  • Discussion of the balance between epitope generation and degradation.

Main Results:

  • Autoreactive T cells are generated by thymic APCs and activated by peripheral APCs.
  • Central nervous system APCs initiate inflammatory responses leading to demyelination.
  • The balance between MHC class II epitope creation and destruction by APCs is critical in MS.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding epitope dynamics in MS offers avenues for novel therapeutic interventions.
  • Targeting APC-mediated antigen presentation could modulate autoimmune responses in MS.
  • Further research into epitope processing by diverse APCs is warranted for MS treatment development.