Topological maps of protein sequences

A new method based on neural networks to cluster proteins into families is described. The network is trained with the Kohonen unsupervised learning algorithm, using matrix pattern representations of the protein sequences as inputs. The components (x, y) of these 20 x 20 matrix patterns are the normalized frequencies of all pairs xy of amino acids in each sequence. We investigate the influence of different learning parameters in the final topological maps obtained with a learning set of ten proteins belonging to three established families. In all cases, except in those where the synaptic vectors remains nearly unchanged during learning, the ten proteins are correctly classified into the expected families. The classification by the trained network of mutated or incomplete sequences of the learned proteins is also analysed. The neural network gives a correct classification for a sequence mutated in 21.5% +/- 7% of its amino acids and for fragments representing 7.5% +/- 3% of the original sequence. Similar results were obtained with a learning set of 32 proteins belonging to 15 families. These results show that a neural network can be trained following the Kohonen algorithm to obtain topological maps of protein sequences, where related proteins are finally associated to the same winner neuron or to neighboring ones, and that the trained network can be applied to rapidly classify new sequences. This approach opens new possibilities to find rapid and efficient algorithms to organize and search for homologies in the whole protein database.