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Related Concept Videos

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
Portal Hypertension01:22

Portal Hypertension

Portal hypertension is an increase in blood pressure within the portal venous system. Normally, this pressure is less than 5 mmHg. It is considered clinically significant when it rises above 10 mmHg. At this threshold, complications from altered blood flow and venous congestion emerge.EtiologyPortal hypertension arises from conditions that impede blood flow through the liver. The most common cause is cirrhosis, in which chronic liver injury leads to fibrotic scarring. This fibrosis narrows or...
Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...
Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
The Arch of Aorta01:10

The Arch of Aorta

The coronary arteries, originating from the ascending aorta, bifurcate from two sinuses located within the ascending aorta. Positioned just above the aortic semilunar valve, these sinuses house essential aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, crucial for maintaining cardiac function. The left coronary artery and the right coronary artery branch off from the left posterior and anterior aortic sinuses, respectively.
Encircling the heart, the coronary arteries form a ring-like structure before...
Anastomoses01:19

Anastomoses

In human anatomy, anastomosis refers to a connection or opening between two things, particularly between blood vessels or other tubular structures. The term is derived from the Greek term 'anastomosis,' which means 'outlet' or 'opening.' This natural network of connections plays a critical role in the survival and functionality of the human body.
Anastomoses can be formed at arterial, venous, and lymphatic vessels.
Arterial Anastomosis: These occur between arteries. They are most common in...

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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO): An Intervention Sequence
10:52

Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO): An Intervention Sequence

Published on: December 23, 2022

Patent arterial duct.

Jonathan T Forsey1, Ola A Elmasry, Robin P Martin

  • 1Bristol Congenital Heart Centre, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children and Bristol Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals Bristol, NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK. Jonathan.Forsey@UHBristol.nhs.uk

Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
|July 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Patent arterial duct (PAD) is a congenital heart defect in infants. Diagnosis involves clinical exams and echocardiography, with treatment varying by severity and age.

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Direct Re-implantation of Left Coronary Artery into the Aorta in Adults with Anomalous Origin of Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA)
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Direct Re-implantation of Left Coronary Artery into the Aorta in Adults with Anomalous Origin of Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA)

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Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO): An Intervention Sequence
10:52

Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO): An Intervention Sequence

Published on: December 23, 2022

Direct Re-implantation of Left Coronary Artery into the Aorta in Adults with Anomalous Origin of Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA)
13:10

Direct Re-implantation of Left Coronary Artery into the Aorta in Adults with Anomalous Origin of Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA)

Published on: April 24, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Cardiology
  • Congenital Heart Disease
  • Neonatology

Background:

  • Patent arterial duct (PAD) is a common congenital heart abnormality in term infants older than three months, with higher prevalence in preterm infants.
  • While small ducts are often asymptomatic, moderate-to-large PAD can cause characteristic heart murmurs, bounding pulses, and symptoms like tachycardia and poor growth.
  • Large shunts may lead to failure to thrive, recurrent respiratory infections, and congestive heart failure, with no identifiable cause in most cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of patent arterial duct (PAD), including its definition, prevalence, clinical presentation, etiology, diagnosis, and management.
  • To highlight the diagnostic criteria and differential diagnoses for PAD, emphasizing the role of echocardiography.
  • To discuss the treatment strategies for PAD in different infant populations and the associated prognoses.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical examination, including auscultation for characteristic heart murmurs and assessment of peripheral pulses.
  • Transthoracic echocardiography with color flow mapping and pulsed wave Doppler is essential for confirming the diagnosis and assessing ductal blood flow.
  • Differential diagnosis involves excluding conditions with similar symptoms of pulmonary overcirculation and left-to-right shunts.

Main Results:

  • PAD affects approximately 1 in 2000 full-term infants, with a 2:1 female-to-male ratio, and is more common in preterm infants.
  • Clinical findings range from asymptomatic small ducts to symptomatic moderate-to-large ducts causing murmurs, hyperactive precordium, and signs of heart failure.
  • Etiology is often unknown but associated with chromosomal aberrations, birth complications, and genetic syndromes; familial occurrence is uncommon.

Conclusions:

  • Patent arterial duct (PAD) requires accurate diagnosis through clinical evaluation and echocardiography, with management tailored to duct size and clinical presentation.
  • Treatment options include medical therapy (prostaglandin inhibitors) or surgical/transcatheter closure, particularly in symptomatic preterm infants.
  • While small PAD has a good prognosis, larger shunts carry risks of heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and endocarditis, necessitating timely intervention.