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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR activation may...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Selectins01:25

Selectins

Cell adhesion is  an essential aspect of multicellularity. While stable cell interactions usually occur between cells of the same type, transient cell interactions occur between cells of different tissue types, such as between neutrophils and endothelial cells. Selectins are one class of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that bind carbohydrate ligands to form transient cell adhesion. They are rod-like proteins with a long extracellular part of variable length ending with the lectin domain, which...
Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules01:31

Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules

Immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules or Ig-CAMs are a versatile group of cell surface glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin protein superfamily. Ig-CAMs possess the characteristic immunoglobulin protein domains and other domains such as the fibronectin type III domain. The Ig domains are glycosylated to varying degrees in different Ig-CAMs.
Ig-CAMs exhibit either homophilic binding (to other Ig-CAMs) or heterophilic binding (to other ligands such as integrins). While most Ig-CAMs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation
15:33

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Published on: August 13, 2013

Galectin-3 regulates T-cell functions.

Daniel K Hsu1, Huan-Yuan Chen, Fu-Tong Liu

  • 1Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA.

Immunological Reviews
|July 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Galectin-3 is not present in resting T cells but can be induced. This protein plays a key role in regulating T-cell functions both inside and outside the cell.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation
15:33

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Published on: August 13, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Glycobiology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Galectin-3 is absent in resting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells but is inducible by stimuli like viral factors and T-cell receptor (TCR) ligation.
  • It is constitutively expressed in human regulatory T cells and CD4+ memory T cells.
  • Galectin-3 has both intracellular and extracellular functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the multifaceted roles of galectin-3 in T-cell biology.
  • To understand how galectin-3 influences T-cell activation, adhesion, apoptosis, and signal transduction.
  • To investigate the impact of galectin-3 on cell surface receptor activity.

Main Methods:

  • The study reviews existing literature on galectin-3 expression and function in T cells.
  • It discusses the impact of stimuli on galectin-3 induction.
  • Analysis of galectin-3's lectin activity and its interactions with cell surface and extracellular matrix glycans.

Main Results:

  • Galectin-3's extracellular functions include regulating cell activation, adhesion, apoptosis, and forming lattices with cell surface receptors, potentially restricting their mobility and function.
  • Intracellularly, galectin-3 inhibits apoptosis, promotes cell growth, and modulates TCR signal transduction.
  • Cell surface glycosylation studies highlight galectin-3's role in regulating cell surface receptor activities.

Conclusions:

  • Galectin-3 is a key regulator of T-cell functions, with diverse roles both intracellularly and extracellularly.
  • Its expression is tightly regulated, and it participates in critical cellular processes.
  • The convergence of glycobiology and galectin biology offers new insights into T-cell regulation.