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Gnathostomiasis, another emerging imported disease.

Joanna S Herman1, Peter L Chiodini

  • 1Department of Clinical Parasitology, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 3rd Floor, Mortimer Market, Capper Street, London WC1E 6JB, United Kingdom. joherman@doctors.org.uk

Clinical Microbiology Reviews
|July 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gnathostomiasis, a food-borne zoonosis from Gnathostoma larvae, is an emerging imported disease. Increased travel means this parasitic infection is now reported globally, posing risks from undercooked fish.

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Area of Science:

  • Parasitology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Global Health

Background:

  • Gnathostomiasis is a food-borne zoonotic disease caused by Gnathostoma spp. larvae.
  • It is increasingly reported in non-endemic regions, highlighting its status as an emerging imported disease.
  • Geographical distribution is expanding beyond traditional foci in Southeast Asia and the Americas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, life cycle, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of gnathostomiasis.
  • To raise awareness of gnathostomiasis as an emerging global health concern.
  • To inform clinicians and travelers about the risks associated with this parasitic infection.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of gnathostomiasis.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data and case reports.
  • Synthesis of information on clinical presentation and management.

Main Results:

  • Gnathostomiasis has a complex life cycle involving intermediate hosts, with humans as accidental hosts.
  • Primary risks include consuming raw or undercooked freshwater fish and geographical exposure.
  • Infection can lead to cutaneous or visceral larva migrans, with potential for high morbidity and mortality, especially with central nervous system involvement.

Conclusions:

  • Gnathostomiasis is an emerging parasitic disease with increasing global prevalence.
  • Awareness of transmission routes and clinical signs is crucial for early diagnosis and treatment.
  • Preventive measures, including safe food handling and avoiding consumption of raw freshwater fish in endemic areas, are essential.