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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Toker cells revisited.

Sharon Nofech-Mozes1, Wedad Hanna

  • 1Department of Pathology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

The Breast Journal
|July 16, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Toker cells, identified by cytokeratin 7 (CK7), are common in nipple epidermis and can appear in clusters. These cells must be differentiated from Paget's disease (PD) due to their distinct immunoprofile.

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Area of Science:

  • Pathology
  • Dermatopathology
  • Breast Cancer Research

Background:

  • Toker cells are cytokeratin 7 positive cells in the nipple epidermis.
  • Distinguishing Toker cells from Paget's disease (PD) of the nipple is crucial.
  • Previous studies have not quantitatively assessed Toker cell distribution in mastectomy specimens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively assess the number and distribution patterns of Toker cells in nipples without Paget's disease.
  • To evaluate the immunophenotype of Toker cells (HER2/neu, ER, PR status).
  • To establish criteria for differentiating Toker cells from intraepidermal malignancy.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of sequential sections from 173 mastectomy nipple specimens.
  • Utilized Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CK7.
  • Two breast pathologists reviewed stains, recording CK7+ cell counts, distribution, and biomarker status.

Main Results:

  • Toker cells (CK7+) were present in 88.4% of specimens.
  • CK7+ cells were found in clusters in 18.5% of cases and not solely in the basal epidermis.
  • Toker cells were HER2/neu, ER, and PR negative, unlike Paget's disease.

Conclusions:

  • Toker cells are frequently present in nipple epidermis, often in clusters and pagetoid patterns.
  • Their prevalence and distribution can be mistaken for Paget's disease on routine HE stains.
  • Toker cells possess a distinct immunoprofile (CK7+, HER2/neu-, ER-, PR-) differentiating them from Paget's disease.