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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Software-Assisted Quantitative Measurement of Osteoarthritic Subchondral Bone Thickness
08:52

Software-Assisted Quantitative Measurement of Osteoarthritic Subchondral Bone Thickness

Published on: March 18, 2022

Denosumab for joints and bones.

E Michael Lewiecki1

  • 1New Mexico Clinical Research & Osteoporosis Center, 300 Oak Street NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA. lewiecki@aol.com

Current Rheumatology Reports
|July 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Denosumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting RANKL, effectively reduces bone turnover and fracture risk in osteoporosis. It also inhibits joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis with a favorable safety profile.

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Automated Joint Space Detection Improves Bone Segmentation Accuracy
06:45

Automated Joint Space Detection Improves Bone Segmentation Accuracy

Published on: November 28, 2025

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Software-Assisted Quantitative Measurement of Osteoarthritic Subchondral Bone Thickness
08:52

Software-Assisted Quantitative Measurement of Osteoarthritic Subchondral Bone Thickness

Published on: March 18, 2022

Automated Joint Space Detection Improves Bone Segmentation Accuracy
06:45

Automated Joint Space Detection Improves Bone Segmentation Accuracy

Published on: November 28, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL) is crucial for osteoclast activity and bone remodeling.
  • Dysregulation of RANKL contributes to skeletal disorders like osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Targeting RANKL offers a therapeutic strategy for bone-related diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of denosumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody against RANKL.
  • To assess denosumab's impact on bone turnover, bone mineral density, and fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
  • To determine denosumab's effect on structural joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis.

Main Methods:

  • Denosumab, a RANKL inhibitor, was administered to participants.
  • Bone turnover markers and bone mineral density were assessed.
  • Fracture incidence and structural joint damage scores were evaluated.

Main Results:

  • Denosumab treatment led to reduced bone turnover and increased bone mineral density in postmenopausal women.
  • A significant reduction in fracture risk was observed in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis.
  • Denosumab inhibited structural damage in rheumatoid arthritis patients when combined with methotrexate.
  • The safety profile was generally good, with adverse events comparable to placebo.

Conclusions:

  • Denosumab is an effective therapeutic agent for postmenopausal osteoporosis, improving bone density and reducing fracture risk.
  • Denosumab demonstrates efficacy in mitigating structural damage in rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Denosumab exhibits a favorable safety profile, making it a viable treatment option for skeletal disorders.