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The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Self-distancing in Young Children
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Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Self-distancing in Young Children

Published on: March 1, 2019

Helping the helpers!

Cindy S Ma1, Stuart G Tangye

  • 1Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.

Immunity
|July 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dendritic cells are vital for T follicular helper (Tfh) cell differentiation. Their production of interleukin-12 is essential for Tfh cell development, impacting humoral immunity.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are critical for effective humoral immune responses, which involve antibody production.
  • The precise mechanisms regulating the differentiation of human Tfh cells remain an active area of research.

Discussion:

  • Schmitt et al. demonstrate that dendritic cell-derived interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a key signaling molecule in Tfh cell differentiation.
  • This finding highlights the crucial role of dendritic cells as orchestrators of adaptive immune responses.

Key Insights:

  • Human Tfh cell differentiation is shown to be dependent on IL-12 produced by dendritic cells.
  • This establishes a direct link between innate immune cell signaling and the development of adaptive Tfh cell populations.

Outlook:

  • Further research may explore how other dendritic cell-derived cytokines influence Tfh cell function.
  • Understanding this pathway could lead to novel therapeutic strategies for modulating antibody production in various diseases.