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Related Concept Videos

Organization of the Nervous System01:13

Organization of the Nervous System

The nervous system is one of the most complex systems in our body. It is organized into two main divisions: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The CNS, comprising the brain and spinal cord, houses billions of neurons. The brain is housed in the skull, while the spinal cord is linked to the brain through the foramen magnum of the occipital bone and is surrounded by the protective structure of the vertebral column. It is responsible for processing various...
Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves01:24

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Nerves
The nerve is a bundle of axons that serves as the communication highway in the PNS. Each nerve is ensheathed in a protective layer of connective tissue called the epineurium. This outermost layer safeguards the nerve and supports the...
Nervous System01:21

Nervous System

The nervous system coordinates body functions through its complex network of nerve cells, enabling sensation and movement. It is divided into two primary parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain acts as the body's control center, processing sensory information and coordinating responses. The spinal cord functions as a major signaling pathway for the brain and the rest of the body.
Extending...
Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the posterior columns...
Functional Divisions of the Nervous System01:23

Functional Divisions of the Nervous System

The nervous system, responsible for sensing, integrating, and responding to various stimuli, is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS has two functional divisions: the sensory or afferent division and the motor or efferent division.
The sensory division transmits information from sensory receptors in the body to the CNS. It provides the CNS with knowledge about somatic senses (such as tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive sensations)...
Autonomic Nervous System: Overview01:26

Autonomic Nervous System: Overview

The human nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS contains nerve cells, clusters of nerve cells, and the sensory receptors that are outside the CNS. The PNS has two types of nerve cells: sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent). Sensory cells send signals to the CNS from receptors, and motor cells carry signals from the CNS to organs, muscles, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Implantation and Control of Wireless, Battery-free Systems for Peripheral Nerve Interfacing
07:13

Implantation and Control of Wireless, Battery-free Systems for Peripheral Nerve Interfacing

Published on: October 20, 2021

Bidirectional interfaces with the peripheral nervous system.

Silvestro Micera1, Xavier Navarro

  • 1ARTS and CRIM Labs, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.

International Review of Neurobiology
|July 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers are developing neuroprostheses and bionic systems to restore function in disabled patients and enhance human capabilities. Peripheral neural interfaces are key to controlling artificial limbs and machines, with various electrode types offering different levels of nerve access.

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Published on: February 25, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Rehabilitation Technology

Background:

  • Significant research focuses on neuroprosthetics and bionic systems to bridge the human nervous system with external devices.
  • These technologies aim to restore motor and sensory functions for individuals with disabilities.
  • Potential applications extend to enhancing physical capabilities in unimpaired individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of peripheral neural interfaces.
  • To discuss their application in controlling artificial and robotic prostheses.
  • To review biological and technical challenges in electrode design and clinical translation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on peripheral neural interfaces.
  • Categorization of electrodes based on their interaction with nerve structures (extraneural vs. intrafascicular).
  • Discussion of biological and technical considerations for electrode implementation.

Main Results:

  • Peripheral neural interfaces enable bidirectional control and feedback between the nervous system and external devices.
  • Extraneural electrodes (cuff, epineurial) interface with multiple axons.
  • Intrafascicular, penetrating, and regenerative electrodes offer selective contact with smaller axon groups.

Conclusions:

  • Peripheral neural interfaces are crucial for advancing neuroprosthetics and bionic systems.
  • Careful consideration of electrode design and biological compatibility is essential for successful clinical application.
  • Diverse strategies exist for utilizing these interfaces in biomedical applications.