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Related Concept Videos

Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
05:41

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

Radiation-induced thyroid changes: a retrospective and a prospective view.

Maura Massimino1, Lorenza Gandola, Franco Mattavelli

  • 1Department of Medical Oncology, Paediatrics Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian, 1, Milan 20133, Italy. maura.massimino@istitutotumori.mi.it

European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990)
|July 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid irradiation can cause nodules and hypothyroidism. Early treatment and ultrasound monitoring significantly reduce nodule development and size in patients receiving radiation therapy.

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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
03:55

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
05:41

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
03:55

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Thyroid irradiation, whether incidental or therapeutic, is a known cause of hypothyroidism and nodular thyroid disease.
  • Children undergoing cancer treatments involving radiation to the thyroid bed require early detection and management of radiation-induced thyroid changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the long-term effects of thyroid irradiation on thyroid function and parenchyma.
  • To assess the efficacy of early diagnosis and treatment in mitigating radiation-related thyroid abnormalities.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective evaluation of thyroid function and parenchyma in patients irradiated between 1975 and 1997.
  • Prospective evaluation of patients receiving thyroid irradiation using ultrasound and serum thyroid function tests (fT3, fT4, TSH, thyroglobulin).

Main Results:

  • In the retrospective group, 128/468 patients developed thyroid nodules, with 73 having hypothyroidism and 22 developing differentiated carcinoma.
  • In the prospective group (1998-2004), 19/144 patients had nodules, all smaller than 1cm, and hypothyroidism was promptly treated.
  • Prospective evaluation showed significantly fewer patients with nodules and smaller nodule sizes compared to the retrospective group (p<0.01).

Conclusions:

  • Early treatment of hypothyroidism is crucial for managing patients exposed to thyroid irradiation.
  • Regular ultrasound evaluation of the thyroid parenchyma is essential to monitor for and limit the onset and growth of nodules.