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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects01:25

Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects

Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...
Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
Acute Inflammation I: Inflammatory Response01:26

Acute Inflammation I: Inflammatory Response

Acute inflammation is a rapid, short-lived physiological response to tissue injury or infection, designed to eliminate harmful agents and initiate repair. This tightly regulated process typically lasts from minutes to several days and is triggered by factors such as microbial invasion, physical trauma, or chemical injury.Recognition and Mediator ReleaseThe inflammatory response begins when resident immune cells—such as mast cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells—detect damage-associated...
Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair01:24

Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair

The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
The typical wound exudate is odorless, transparent, straw-colored, thin, and watery. Exudate, however, can differ depending on the state of wound healing. Likewise, the exudate's...

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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
07:48

Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation

Published on: May 16, 2016

Redefining the systemic inflammatory response.

R Clive Landis1

  • 1Edmund Cohen Laboratory for Vascular Research, Chronic Disease Research Centre, University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados, West Indies. clive.landis@cavehill.uwi.edu

Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia
|July 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The systemic inflammatory response after cardiothoracic surgery is complex. Rethinking this response and addressing both systemic factors and localized triggers is crucial for better patient outcomes.

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On-Chip Endothelial Inflammatory Phenotyping

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
07:48

Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation

Published on: May 16, 2016

Screening Assays to Characterize Novel Endothelial Regulators Involved in the Inflammatory Response
12:50

Screening Assays to Characterize Novel Endothelial Regulators Involved in the Inflammatory Response

Published on: September 15, 2017

On-Chip Endothelial Inflammatory Phenotyping
12:43

On-Chip Endothelial Inflammatory Phenotyping

Published on: July 21, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Surgery
  • Immunology
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • The systemic inflammatory response (SIR) following cardiothoracic surgery with bypass has been recognized since the 1990s.
  • Research has focused narrowly on individual pathways, yielding limited clinical benefits.
  • A need exists to redefine SIR for more effective research and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a redefined understanding of the systemic inflammatory response after cardiothoracic surgery.
  • To guide future research toward a more productive focus on this multisystem disorder.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on SIR following cardiothoracic surgery.
  • Conceptual redefinition of SIR based on current understanding.

Main Results:

  • SIR involves complex interactions of complement, coagulation, and immune cell activation.
  • Adverse events arise when systemic imbalance combines with localized triggers like ischemia or surgical trauma.
  • Current research has not achieved significant clinical benefits due to a narrow focus.

Conclusions:

  • Redefining SIR is essential for productive research and clinical intervention.
  • Future strategies should target both systemic activation (e.g., combination therapy, circuit coating) and elimination of localized triggers (e.g., improved clinical practice, perfusion monitoring).