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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

LPS and ATP-induced Death of PMA-differentiated THP-1 Macrophages and its Validation
06:12

LPS and ATP-induced Death of PMA-differentiated THP-1 Macrophages and its Validation

Published on: May 3, 2024

Cell death pathways--potential therapeutic targets.

M MacFarlane1

  • 1MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. mm21@le.ac.uk

Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems
|July 23, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is vital for development and homeostasis. Dysregulation of this process is linked to diseases like cancer and autoimmune disorders, highlighting its health implications.

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Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death
10:23

Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death

Published on: January 20, 2023

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

LPS and ATP-induced Death of PMA-differentiated THP-1 Macrophages and its Validation
06:12

LPS and ATP-induced Death of PMA-differentiated THP-1 Macrophages and its Validation

Published on: May 3, 2024

Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death
10:23

Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death

Published on: January 20, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Apoptosis is a conserved programmed cell death pathway essential for multicellular organisms.
  • It plays critical roles in embryonic development, organogenesis, and maintaining adult cellular homeostasis.
  • Efficient removal of damaged cells is crucial, especially in long-lived mammals facing diverse physiological and pathological signals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental biological process of apoptosis and recent advances in understanding its pathways.
  • To highlight the health implications of deregulated cell death, including cancer, autoimmunity, and degenerative diseases.
  • To identify potential therapeutic strategies and drug targets for modulating apoptosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on programmed cell death and apoptosis.
  • Analysis of gain- and loss-of-function models for genes in the core apoptotic pathway.
  • Elucidation of protein components and key regulators of apoptosis signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • Perturbation of cellular homeostasis through apoptotic pathway gene dysfunction can lead to disease.
  • Insufficient apoptosis is linked to cancer and autoimmunity.
  • Accelerated cell death is observed in degenerative diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Deregulation of cell death pathways has significant health consequences.
  • Understanding apoptosis is crucial for developing therapeutic interventions.
  • Numerous drug targets for modulating apoptosis have been identified through extensive research.