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Related Concept Videos

States of Water01:23

States of Water

Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

Heating and Cooling Curves

When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...
Role of Water in Human Biology01:27

Role of Water in Human Biology

Water is the one of the most significant components of the human body; it plays a crucial role in several physiological activities because of its unique physicochemical properties. Importantly, it helps to regulate body temperature and is the chief component of several body fluids.
Water's Solvent Properties
Since water is a polar molecule with slightly positive and slightly negative charges, ions and polar molecules can readily dissolve in it. Therefore, it is referred to as a solvent, a...
Vaporization01:18

Vaporization

The physical form of a substance changes by changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. For vaporization to occur, kinetic energy must be greater than the intermolecular forces that keep molecules bonded. The amount of energy needed to vaporize a quantity of liquid at a given pressure and a constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. When...
Surface Tension01:24

Surface Tension

Surface tension is defined as the force per unit length (γ) acting along the surface of a liquid. It arises due to strong intermolecular forces of attraction. A molecule located inside the bulk of the liquid is surrounded by other molecules and experiences equal forces in all directions. However, a molecule at the surface experiences unbalanced forces because there are more neighboring molecules below than above. This creates a net inward force that pulls surface molecules toward the interior,...
Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...

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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Pool-Boiling Heat-Transfer Enhancement on Cylindrical Surfaces with Hybrid Wettable Patterns
07:32

Pool-Boiling Heat-Transfer Enhancement on Cylindrical Surfaces with Hybrid Wettable Patterns

Published on: April 10, 2017

Wetting 101 degrees.

Lichao Gao1, Thomas J McCarthy

  • 1Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|July 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review simplifies wetting and superhydrophobicity by advocating a 1D contact line perspective over the 2D view. It corrects misunderstandings in surface science, offering clearer insights into phenomena like the lotus effect.

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Surface Science
  • Materials Science
  • Physics

Background:

  • Current understanding of wetting and superhydrophobicity is based on a widely accepted but flawed 2D model.
  • This 2D perspective has led to persistent misunderstandings in surface science education and research.
  • Complex theories and ill-defined terminology hinder progress in the field.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a primer on wetting and superhydrophobicity using a simplified 1D contact line approach.
  • To critique the prevailing 2D theoretical framework and offer an alternative explanation for observed phenomena.
  • To clarify concepts such as contact angle hysteresis, the lotus effect, and perfect hydrophobicity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of publications from 2006-2009 focusing on wetting and superhydrophobicity.
  • Analysis of the limitations of the 2D contact line model.
  • Development and presentation of a 1D (three-phase, solid/liquid/vapor) contact line perspective.

Main Results:

  • The 1D contact line perspective is demonstrated to be simpler, more intuitive, and more factually consistent than the 2D view.
  • An explanation is provided for the inaccuracies in existing theoretical understanding of wetting.
  • The review highlights how historical teaching has contributed to widespread misconceptions.

Conclusions:

  • The 1D contact line model offers a more accurate and useful framework for understanding wetting and superhydrophobicity.
  • Revising theoretical approaches and terminology is crucial for advancing surface science.
  • Simplified, fact-based models are essential for effective scientific education and research.