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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...
Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Synaptic Signaling01:09

Synaptic Signaling

Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
Most synapses are chemical, meaning an electrical impulse or action potential spurs the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. The neuron sending the signal is called the presynaptic neuron, and the neuron receiving the signal is the postsynaptic neuron.
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Synaptic Signaling

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

An Optical Assay for Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in Cultured Neurons Overexpressing Presynaptic Proteins
09:33

An Optical Assay for Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in Cultured Neurons Overexpressing Presynaptic Proteins

Published on: June 26, 2018

Postsynaptic Neuroligin1 regulates presynaptic maturation.

Nina Wittenmayer1, Christoph Körber, Huisheng Liu

  • 1Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The postsynaptic molecule Neuroligin1 is crucial for presynaptic terminal maturation. Neuroligin1 promotes synaptic vesicle recycling and active zone stability, essential for mature neuronal connections.

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Presynapse Formation Assay Using Presynapse Organizer Beads and “Neuron Ball” Culture
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Inhibitory Synapse Formation in a Co-culture Model Incorporating GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons and HEK293 Cells Stably Expressing GABAA Receptors

Published on: November 14, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

An Optical Assay for Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in Cultured Neurons Overexpressing Presynaptic Proteins
09:33

An Optical Assay for Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in Cultured Neurons Overexpressing Presynaptic Proteins

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Presynapse Formation Assay Using Presynapse Organizer Beads and “Neuron Ball” Culture
10:17

Presynapse Formation Assay Using Presynapse Organizer Beads and “Neuron Ball” Culture

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Inhibitory Synapse Formation in a Co-culture Model Incorporating GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons and HEK293 Cells Stably Expressing GABAA Receptors
07:51

Inhibitory Synapse Formation in a Co-culture Model Incorporating GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons and HEK293 Cells Stably Expressing GABAA Receptors

Published on: November 14, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Synaptic Plasticity

Background:

  • Presynaptic nerve terminals undergo maturation after assembly.
  • Postsynaptic cell adhesion molecules play roles in synapse development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Neuroligin1 in presynaptic terminal maturation.
  • To determine the specific mechanisms by which Neuroligin1 influences presynaptic development.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of presynaptic terminal structure and function in Neuroligin1-knockout mice.
  • Overexpression of Neuroligin1 in cultured hippocampal neurons.
  • Assessment of synaptic vesicle pool size, exocytosis rates, and active zone stability.

Main Results:

  • Neuroligin1-knockout presynaptic terminals showed immature active zones and reduced vesicle pools.
  • Neuroligin1 overexpression in immature neurons induced mature presynaptic bouton characteristics.
  • Neuroligin1 enhanced synaptic vesicle recycling, exocytosis, and active zone stability, including F-actin independence.
  • Extracellular Neuroligin1 domain initiated terminal assembly, while the intracellular domain drove maturation.

Conclusions:

  • Neuroligin1 is essential for presynaptic terminal maturation.
  • Distinct domains of Neuroligin1 mediate presynaptic assembly and maturation.
  • Neuroligin1 regulates key aspects of presynaptic functional development.