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Related Concept Videos

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
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Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses02:45

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
Internal Receptors01:31

Internal Receptors

Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh
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Published on: May 3, 2019

How nuclear receptors tell time.

Michèle Teboul1, Aline Gréchez-Cassiau, Fabienne Guillaumond

  • 1Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiopathologie des Systèmes Intégrés, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Nice, France.

Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
|July 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Mammalian circadian clocks, regulated by a master hypothalamic clock and local cellular clocks, control daily physiological processes. Nuclear hormone receptors are integral to this system, influencing clock gene feedback loops and synchronizing peripheral clocks.

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Chronobiology
  • Molecular Endocrinology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Circadian clocks enable organisms to adapt to daily environmental cycles.
  • Mammalian timekeeping involves a hierarchical system with a master suprachiasmatic nucleus clock and peripheral cellular clocks.
  • These clocks regulate numerous genes, controlling most physiological processes in a tissue-specific manner.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular mechanisms underlying mammalian circadian clocks.
  • To highlight the role of nuclear receptors in regulating circadian rhythms.
  • To establish nuclear hormone receptor signaling as a key component of the circadian timing system.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on mammalian circadian clocks.
  • Analysis of the molecular interactions within core clock gene feedback loops.
  • Investigation of nuclear receptor involvement in circadian regulation.

Main Results:

  • Mammalian circadian clocks operate via complex transcriptional/translational feedback loops of clock genes.
  • Nuclear receptors, including REV-ERB, retinoid-related orphan receptors, and glucocorticoid receptors, directly regulate clock gene expression.
  • Other nuclear receptors like EAR2, PPARs, ER-alpha, and RARs are also linked to circadian clock mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear receptors are crucial regulators of the mammalian circadian clock.
  • These receptors modulate core clock gene feedback loops and synchronize peripheral clocks.
  • Nuclear hormone receptor signaling is an integral part of the biological circadian timing system.