Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cylinders in Three-Dimensional Space01:28

Cylinders in Three-Dimensional Space

A cylindrical surface is generated when a two-dimensional profile curve is translated along a straight line in three-dimensional space. The translated copies of the curve form a surface composed of parallel rulings, each oriented in the same fixed direction. This construction allows many three-dimensional forms to be described using relatively simple planar equations.In Cartesian coordinates, a cylindrical surface is often recognized by an equation that omits one of the three variables. For...
Three-Dimensional Force System:Problem Solving01:30

Three-Dimensional Force System:Problem Solving

A three-dimensional force system refers to a scenario in which three forces act simultaneously in three different directions. This type of problem is commonly encountered in physics and engineering, where it is necessary to calculate the resultant force on the system, which can then be used to predict or analyze the behavior of the object or structure under consideration.
To solve a three-dimensional force system, first resolve each force into its respective scalar components. Do this using...
Scalar and Vector Triple Products01:06

Scalar and Vector Triple Products

Two vectors can be multiplied using a scalar product or a vector product. The resultant of a scalar product is scalar, while with vector products, the resultant is a vector. These rules of the scalar or vector product between two vectors can be applied to multiple vectors to obtain meaningful combinations. The scalar triple product is the dot product of a vector with the cross product of two vectors.
The scalar triple product is the dot product of a vector with the cross product of two vectors.
Cartesian Vector Notation01:28

Cartesian Vector Notation

Cartesian vector notation is a valuable tool in mechanical engineering for representing vectors in three-dimensional space, performing vector operations such as determining the gradient, divergence, and curl, and expressing physical quantities such as the displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force. By using Cartesian vector notation, engineers can more easily analyze and solve problems in various areas of mechanical engineering, including dynamics, kinematics, and fluid mechanics. This...
Divergence Theorem in 3D Space01:20

Divergence Theorem in 3D Space

In vector calculus, flux measures the total flow of a vector field through a surface. For a closed surface in three-dimensional space, this means measuring how much of the field passes outward through every point on the boundary. Directly calculating this flux can be difficult when the surface has a complicated or irregular shape. The Divergence Theorem provides a powerful alternative by relating surface flux to behavior inside the enclosed region.The Divergence Theorem states that the outward...
Functions of Three or More Variables01:31

Functions of Three or More Variables

A function of three variables assigns a single real number to each point in three-dimensional space. Every point is identified by its Cartesian coordinates, x, y, and z, and the function maps this ordered triple to a scalar value. Such functions are commonly used to describe physical quantities that vary throughout space.A representative example is the electric potential generated by a point charge. In this case, the potential at a given location depends only on the distance from the charge. If...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Correction: Evaluation of an acrylic acid hydrogel dosimeter for 3-D dose verification in radiotherapy using MRI.

PloS one·2026
Same author

Evaluation of an acrylic acid hydrogel dosimeter for 3-D dose verification in radiotherapy using MRI.

PloS one·2026
Same author

Handheld Large 2-D Array With Azimuthal Planewave and Row-Multiplexed Elevation Beamforming Enabled by Local ASIC Electronics.

IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control·2025
Same author

Novel CO<sub>2</sub> loaded nanoparticle ultrasound-activated contrast agent: A potential urinary catheter-free modality to detect vesicoureteral reflux.

Journal of pediatric urology·2025
Same author

A guideline for the distance measurement plans of site-directed spin labels for structural prediction of nucleic acids.

Journal of molecular modeling·2023
Same author

Ultrasound Imaging Using the Coherence of Estimated Channel Data.

IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control·2022
Same journal

A Multi-Task Segmentation and Classification Network Based on Ultrasound Images for Predicting the Grading of Ascites in the Abdominal Cavity.

Ultrasonic imaging·2026
Same journal

Hybrid Physics-Driven Deep Learning for Enhanced Ultrasound Image Quality and Speckle Noise Suppression.

Ultrasonic imaging·2026
Same journal

Application of Super-Resolution Ultrasound Contrast Imaging in Differentiating Benign From Malignant Breast Tumors.

Ultrasonic imaging·2026
Same journal

A Novel Preprocessing Method for Common Carotid Artery Ultrasound Images Based on Phase Asymmetry Metric and Non-subsampled Shearlet Transform.

Ultrasonic imaging·2026
Same journal

Generalized Null Subtraction Factor: A Post-Filtering Framework for Contrast Enhancement in Ultrafast Ultrasound Imaging.

Ultrasonic imaging·2026
Same journal

Fourier Beamforming of Ultrasound Signals From Chirp Transmits Using the Chirp Scaling Algorithm.

Ultrasonic imaging·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

An Efficient and Flexible Cell Aggregation Method for 3D Spheroid Production
07:46

An Efficient and Flexible Cell Aggregation Method for 3D Spheroid Production

Published on: March 27, 2017

3-D spatial compounding using a row-column array.

Samer I Awad1, Jesse T Yen

  • 1University of Southern California, Viterbi School of Engineering, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1111, USA. sawad@usc.edu

Ultrasonic Imaging
|July 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Three-dimensional (3-D) spatial compounding using 2-D arrays significantly improves ultrasound image quality by reducing speckle. This technique enhances signal-to-noise ratio and lesion contrast-to-noise ratio without mechanical scanning.

More Related Videos

Identification of Disease-related Spatial Covariance Patterns using Neuroimaging Data
14:27

Identification of Disease-related Spatial Covariance Patterns using Neuroimaging Data

Published on: June 26, 2013

Analyzing Dendritic Morphology in Columns and Layers
08:41

Analyzing Dendritic Morphology in Columns and Layers

Published on: March 23, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

An Efficient and Flexible Cell Aggregation Method for 3D Spheroid Production
07:46

An Efficient and Flexible Cell Aggregation Method for 3D Spheroid Production

Published on: March 27, 2017

Identification of Disease-related Spatial Covariance Patterns using Neuroimaging Data
14:27

Identification of Disease-related Spatial Covariance Patterns using Neuroimaging Data

Published on: June 26, 2013

Analyzing Dendritic Morphology in Columns and Layers
08:41

Analyzing Dendritic Morphology in Columns and Layers

Published on: March 23, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Ultrasound Technology
  • Acoustical Physics

Background:

  • 2-D spatial compounding is established for reducing ultrasound speckle.
  • Previous 3-D compounding methods using 1-D/1.5-D arrays had limitations in elevational image quality due to fixed focus and mechanical translation.
  • 2-D arrays offer electronic focusing for improved elevational resolution and eliminate the need for mechanical scanning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of 3-D spatial compounding using a 2-D array for speckle reduction in ultrasound imaging.
  • To evaluate the impact on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR).
  • To assess the trade-offs in lateral resolution associated with the technique.

Main Methods:

  • Acquisition of 3-D spatial compounding ultrasound images using a prototype 4 cm x 4 cm row-column 2-D array operating at 5 MHz.
  • Compounding of nine decorrelated volumes.
  • Testing on two gel-based contrast phantoms and one resolution phantom.

Main Results:

  • A speckle signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvement of 2.68 was achieved by compounding nine volumes.
  • The average improvement in lesion contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was 2.45.
  • A decrease in lateral resolution was observed when using a smaller aperture, consistent with theoretical predictions.

Conclusions:

  • 3-D spatial compounding with 2-D arrays effectively reduces speckle and enhances contrast in ultrasound images.
  • The electronic focusing capability of 2-D arrays overcomes limitations of previous mechanical methods.
  • While improving SNR and CNR, careful consideration of aperture size is necessary to maintain lateral resolution.