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Transducer Mechanism: G Protein–Coupled Receptors01:30

Transducer Mechanism: G Protein–Coupled Receptors

G Protein–Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to various stimuli. GPCRs regulate critical physiological pathways and are excellent drug targets for treating diseases such as diabetes, cancer, obesity, depression, or Alzheimer's. Nearly 35% of approved drugs implement their therapeutic effects by selectively interacting with specific GPCRs.
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Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

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GPCR Desensitization01:12

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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Identification and Classification of Position-specific GABAA Receptor Subunit Missense Variants for Their Role In Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons
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Identification and Classification of Position-specific GABAA Receptor Subunit Missense Variants for Their Role In Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons

Published on: June 6, 2025

Sequence polymorphisms provide a common consensus sequence for GPR41 and GPR42.

Chen W Liaw1, Daniel T Connolly

  • 1Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA. cliaw@arenapharm.com

DNA and Cell Biology
|July 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

GPR41 and GPR42 genes show high similarity, with key differences previously thought to render GPR42 a pseudogene. However, the R174 polymorphism in GPR42 suggests it may be functional in many individuals.

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Identification and Classification of Position-specific GABAA Receptor Subunit Missense Variants for Their Role In Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons
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Single Cell Multiplex Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction After Patch-clamp
10:44

Single Cell Multiplex Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction After Patch-clamp

Published on: June 20, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • GPR41 and GPR42 are closely related G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on human chromosome 19.
  • High sequence homology suggests a recent duplication event.
  • Previous studies indicated GPR42 might be a pseudogene due to a specific amino acid difference (R174 in GPR41 vs. W174 in GPR42) affecting function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional status of GPR42.
  • To clarify whether the amino acid differences between GPR41 and GPR42 represent gene-specific variations or polymorphisms.
  • To explore the genomic structure surrounding the GPR cluster.

Main Methods:

  • Genotyping of GPR42 alleles.
  • Sequence analysis of GPR genes.
  • Comparative genomics.

Main Results:

  • The six amino acid differences between GPR41 and GPR42, including at position 174, are polymorphisms, not gene-specific differences.
  • 61% of genotyped GPR42 alleles (123 out of 202) possess arginine at amino acid 174, suggesting potential functionality.
  • A pseudogene copy of GPR40 was identified between GPR41 and GPR42 in humans and chimpanzees.

Conclusions:

  • GPR42 should not be definitively classified as an inactive pseudogene due to the prevalence of the R174 polymorphism.
  • The duplication event creating GPR42 may have involved a DNA fragment containing GPR40.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the function of GPR42.