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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training
07:05

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Published on: August 24, 2017

Optimizing microsurgical skills with EEG neurofeedback.

Tomas Ros1, Merrick J Moseley, Philip A Bloom

  • 1Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK. t.ros@gold.ac.uk

BMC Neuroscience
|July 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Neurofeedback training, specifically Sensory Motor Rhythm-Theta (SMR-Theta), significantly improved surgical skills and reduced procedure time in trainee surgeons. Alpha-Theta (AT) training showed some benefits but with greater variability.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Medical Education
  • Surgical Training

Background:

  • Neurofeedback enhances cognitive and artistic performance by enabling self-regulation of brainwave activity.
  • Surgical skill is crucial in medicine, and its development can be a focus for neurofeedback interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the efficacy of two distinct electroencephalogram (EEG) neurofeedback protocols in developing surgical skill among trainee ophthalmic microsurgeons.
  • To compare the effectiveness of Sensory Motor Rhythm-Theta (SMR-Theta) and Alpha-Theta (AT) neurofeedback training against a no-treatment control group.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty trainee ophthalmic microsurgeons were randomly assigned to SMR-Theta or AT neurofeedback groups, with a subset in a wait-list control.
  • Participants received eight 30-minute EEG training sessions.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training
07:05

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Published on: August 24, 2017

  • Pre- and post-training assessments included a surgical skills lab procedure with timed measures, expert video ratings, and anxiety self-reports.

    • Main Results:

    • SMR-Theta training led to significant improvements in surgical technique (expert ratings) and reduced overall task time (26%) compared to controls.
    • SMR-Theta training was associated with reduced trait anxiety and a decrease in theta power during EEG.
    • AT training yielded marginal improvements in technique and time, with high individual variability; however, increased theta-alpha ratio correlated with better technique.

    Conclusions:

    • SMR-Theta neurofeedback is an effective method for enhancing surgical technique and efficiency in medical trainees.
    • While AT training showed some promise, SMR-Theta demonstrated more robust and consistent benefits for surgical skill development.
    • Neurofeedback training offers a promising avenue for optimizing the learning of complex medical procedures.