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Related Concept Videos

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

A Large Lateral Craniotomy Procedure for Mesoscale Wide-field Optical Imaging of Brain Activity
10:05

A Large Lateral Craniotomy Procedure for Mesoscale Wide-field Optical Imaging of Brain Activity

Published on: May 7, 2017

Spatial attention in area V4 is mediated by circuits in primary visual cortex.

Paul H Tiesinga1, Calin I Buia

  • 1Computational Neurophysics Laboratory, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. P.Tiesinga@science.ru.nl

Neural Networks : the Official Journal of the International Neural Network Society
|August 1, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study models visual stimulus selection, showing spatial attention effects in V1 are inherited from upstream areas. Simulations reveal V1 circuits mediate attention via inhibitory and excitatory neuron modulation, impacting V4 neuron responses.

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Area of Science:

  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Systems Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Selective visual attention enables prioritizing behaviorally relevant stimuli.
  • Previous research focused on single neuron and population levels, lacking local circuit insights.
  • The biased competition framework predicts V4 neuron responses to attention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To simulate primary visual cortex (V1) local circuits for understanding stimulus selection in V4.
  • To investigate how spatial and feature attention modulate V1 network activity.
  • To explore the origin of attention effects observed in V4 neurons.

Main Methods:

  • Simulated a V1 network model with long-range excitatory projections to inhibitory neurons.
  • Introduced two stimuli within the classical receptive field (CRF) of a V4 neuron.
  • Manipulated spatial attention via projections targeting inhibitory or excitatory neurons.

Main Results:

  • Model results align with biased competition predictions for V4.
  • Spatial attention effects at V1 resolution are inherited from upstream areas.
  • Alpha oscillations decreased in coherence and sped up with visual stimulus presentation.
  • Transient beta/gamma oscillations (25-50 Hz) observed at the single column level.

Conclusions:

  • Spatial attention resolution below V4 CRF size originates from upstream areas like V1.
  • V1 local circuits, through surround suppression mechanisms, contribute to spatial attention.
  • Simulated V1 network activity and oscillations offer insights into human electroencephalogram (EEG) findings.