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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

Overview
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
09:51

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

Published on: July 26, 2017

[TLR function in autoimmunological processes].

Agnieszka Klonowska-Szymczyk1, Anna Wolska, Ewa Robak

  • 1Katedra i Klinika Hematologii, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi.

Postepy Higieny I Medycyny Doswiadczalnej (Online)
|August 1, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial immune sensors recognizing diverse molecules. Understanding TLR pathways and synthetic ligands like oligo-DNA offers new therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases.

More Related Videos

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes
12:59

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Published on: September 26, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
09:51

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

Published on: July 26, 2017

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes
12:59

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Published on: September 26, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Context:

  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are vital components of innate and adaptive immunity across species.
  • They recognize a wide array of exogenous and endogenous ligands, including microbial antigens and autoantigens.

Purpose:

  • To elucidate the effector mechanisms and signaling pathways of TLR activation.
  • To identify novel proteins involved in TLR signaling.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of modifying TLR activity.

Summary:

  • TLRs play a significant role in immune responses by detecting various molecular patterns.
  • Their interaction with endogenous ligands can trigger autoimmune conditions, necessitating further research.
  • Synthetic ligands, such as oligo-DNA, are being investigated for their ability to modulate TLR activity.

Impact:

  • Advances in understanding TLRs contribute to novel therapeutic approaches for immune-related disorders.
  • Oligo-DNA is under clinical investigation as a potential treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus.
  • This research deepens insights into immune system regulation and autoimmune disease pathogenesis.