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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System

The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send blood...
Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Permanent Ligation of the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery in Mice: A Model of Post-myocardial Infarction Remodelling and Heart Failure
09:37

Permanent Ligation of the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery in Mice: A Model of Post-myocardial Infarction Remodelling and Heart Failure

Published on: December 2, 2014

Structural remodelling in heart failure.

Jutta Schaper1, Sawa Kostin, Stefan Hein

  • 1Max Planck Institute, Bad Nauheim;

Experimental and Clinical Cardiology
|August 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heart failure involves significant myocardial structural changes, including protein alterations and cell loss. These changes explain reduced heart function, stiffness, and arrhythmias in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.

Keywords:
Heart failureRemodelling

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Permanent Ligation of the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery in Mice: A Model of Post-myocardial Infarction Remodelling and Heart Failure
09:37

Permanent Ligation of the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery in Mice: A Model of Post-myocardial Infarction Remodelling and Heart Failure

Published on: December 2, 2014

Studying Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling by Aortic Debanding in Rodents
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Studying Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling by Aortic Debanding in Rodents

Published on: July 14, 2021

A Model of Cardiac Remodeling Through Constriction of the Abdominal Aorta in Rats
07:31

A Model of Cardiac Remodeling Through Constriction of the Abdominal Aorta in Rats

Published on: December 2, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Cellular Pathology

Background:

  • Heart failure is characterized by extensive myocardial remodeling.
  • Dilated cardiomyopathy severely reduces left ventricular function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present findings on structural remodeling in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.
  • To correlate morphological alterations with clinical heart failure characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of structural proteins in myocytes.
  • Assessment of myocyte nuclei, connective tissue, and microvessels.
  • Investigation of cell death mechanisms (autophagy, oncosis, apoptosis).

Main Results:

  • Reduced contractile and sarcomeric proteins; increased cytoskeleton and membrane proteins.
  • Decreased connexin43 in gap junctions.
  • Enlarged myocyte nuclei with less DNA and Sc-35, indicating depressed transcription.
  • Augmented connective tissue, replacement fibrosis, and decreased microvessels.
  • Cell loss via autophagic cell death and oncosis contributes to functional decline.

Conclusions:

  • Structural remodeling in dilated cardiomyopathy involves complex protein and cellular changes.
  • Morphological alterations correlate with reduced contractile function, increased stiffness, and arrhythmias.
  • Cellular changes, including altered nuclear function and cell death, underpin heart failure pathology.