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The optimum finger spacing in human swimming
Alberto E Minetti1, Georgios Machtsiras, Jonathan C Masters
1Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy. alberto.minetti@unimi.it
Journal of Biomechanics
|August 5, 2009
Summary
Competitive swimmers benefit from optimal finger spacing during strokes. This hand posture increases drag, allowing for lower stroke frequency and improved swimming efficiency.
Area of Science:
- Biomechanics
- Fluid Dynamics
- Sports Science
Background:
- Competitive swimming is inherently inefficient.
- Swimmers often spread their fingers during the propulsive stroke.
- The performance benefit of this finger posture is debated.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the effect of finger spacing on swimming performance.
- To determine if finger spreading enhances performance or comfort.
- To explain the fluid dynamics behind finger posture in swimming.
Main Methods:
- Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to model a 3D hand.
- Simulations analyzed the drag coefficient with varying finger spacings.
- Flow visualization was employed to understand fluid behavior.
Main Results:
- An optimal finger spacing of 12 degrees was identified.
- This spacing increased the drag coefficient by 8.8%.
- Increased drag is functionally equivalent to a larger hand palm area.
Conclusions:
- Optimal finger spacing enhances swimming efficiency by increasing drag.
- This allows for a reduced stroke frequency, conserving muscle energy.
- The findings provide a fluid dynamics explanation for improved propulsive efficiency.
