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Bovine virus diarrhoea virus: speculation and observations on current concepts
1Agricultural and Food Research Council, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom.
Summary
Bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) persists in cattle, spreading the infection. While acute infections and other animal/human cases are noted, the cause of mucosal disease remains unknown, prompting name change considerations.
Area of Science:
- Veterinary Virology
- Infectious Diseases
Background:
- Bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is a significant pathogen in cattle.
- Persistently viraemic cattle are key in BVDV dissemination.
- BVDV shares similarities with other pestiviruses affecting various species.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review current knowledge on BVDV.
- To highlight advances and unanswered questions regarding BVDV.
- To discuss the pathogenesis and nomenclature of BVDV-associated diseases.
Main Methods:
- Review of global specialist contributions on BVDV.
- Synthesis of existing research on BVDV pathogenesis and epidemiology.
- Discussion of BVDV biotypes and their role in mucosal disease.
Main Results:
- Persistently viraemic cattle are crucial for BVDV spread; acute infections also contribute.
- BVDV, Border disease virus, and hog cholera virus infect cattle, sheep, pigs, deer, and humans.
- The pathogenesis of mucosal disease involves two BVDV biotypes, but the cause of death is unclear.
Conclusions:
- The role of latency in BVDV pathogenesis is not yet established.
- Pestiviruses may be implicated in other ruminant diseases.
- Reconsidering the name "BVDV" to "mucosal disease virus" is proposed due to the syndrome's importance.