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Related Concept Videos

Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
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Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Evaluation of Tumor-infiltrating Leukocyte Subsets in a Subcutaneous Tumor Model
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Published on: April 13, 2015

Immune response modifiers and cutaneous neoplasia.

James M Spencer1

  • 1Mt Sinai Hospital, New York, NY 10029, USA. james.m.spencer@msnyuhealth.org

Postgraduate Medicine
|August 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Skin cancer incidence is rising, with over 1.2 million US cases annually. Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma are the most common types, primarily caused by UV radiation exposure.

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Oncology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Skin cancer incidence is increasing globally and exceeds all other cancers combined.
  • Approximately 1.2 million new cases are diagnosed annually in the United States.
  • The primary types are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma, all linked to ultraviolet radiation exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the epidemiology and public health impact of skin cancer.
  • To highlight the major types of skin cancer and their common causes.
  • To underscore the significant morbidity associated with skin cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data on skin cancer incidence and mortality.
  • Analysis of trends in skin cancer diagnosis.

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  • Identification of primary etiological factors, particularly ultraviolet radiation.

    • Main Results:

    • Skin cancer incidence is on the rise, surpassing all other cancers combined.
    • Over 1.2 million new cases are reported yearly in the U.S.
    • Malignant melanoma accounts for the majority of the approximately 10,000 annual deaths, despite lower incidence compared to other types.

    Conclusions:

    • Skin cancer represents a significant public health challenge due to its high incidence and associated morbidity.
    • Ultraviolet radiation is a key factor in the development of the most common skin cancers.
    • While mortality rates are relatively low, the substantial morbidity necessitates continued public health focus and preventative measures.