Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Missense Mutant ClC-5 (E211A), associated with Proton/Chloride Uncoupling Exacerbates Renal Pathology Compared to the ClC-5 null Mutant.

Kidney360·2026
Same author

Defining the safety and efficacy of liver-directed AAV gene therapy using a human liver tissue-equivalent platform.

Molecular therapy. Advances·2026
Same author

Phloretin Protects Goat Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Against Ferroptosis by Regulating the Nrf2/HO-1/GPX4 Signaling Pathway.

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI·2026
Same author

Database of <i>CLCN5</i> Pathogenic Variants Causing Dent Disease.

Kidney international reports·2026
Same author

Investigation of a Rare <i>CSN1S1</i><sup>01</sup> Allele in Goats Using Allele-Specific PCR and Mathematical Expectation Analysis.

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI·2026
Same author

Functional Characterization of <i>IGF2BP1</i>, <i>CDC25A</i>, and <i>RXFP2</i> Genes: Implications for Ovarian Function and Reproductive Regulation in Goats.

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Hemogenic Reprogramming of Human Fibroblasts by Enforced Expression of Transcription Factors
11:42

Hemogenic Reprogramming of Human Fibroblasts by Enforced Expression of Transcription Factors

Published on: November 4, 2019

Reprogramming human fibroblasts using HIV-1 TAT recombinant proteins OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC.

Chuanying Pan1, Baisong Lu, Hong Chen

  • 1College of Animal Science and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China. cpan@wfubmc.edu

Molecular Biology Reports
|August 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Recombinant transcription factor proteins were created for cell reprogramming, but faced challenges with nuclear delivery and endosomal trapping. Overcoming these hurdles could enable protein-based therapeutic reprogramming for clinical use.

More Related Videos

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program
11:00

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program

Published on: December 16, 2016

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Reprogramming Human Fibroblasts with the Stemgent Human TF Lentivirus Set
12:10

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Reprogramming Human Fibroblasts with the Stemgent Human TF Lentivirus Set

Published on: December 8, 2009

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Hemogenic Reprogramming of Human Fibroblasts by Enforced Expression of Transcription Factors
11:42

Hemogenic Reprogramming of Human Fibroblasts by Enforced Expression of Transcription Factors

Published on: November 4, 2019

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program
11:00

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program

Published on: December 16, 2016

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Reprogramming Human Fibroblasts with the Stemgent Human TF Lentivirus Set
12:10

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Reprogramming Human Fibroblasts with the Stemgent Human TF Lentivirus Set

Published on: December 8, 2009

Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Fibroblast reprogramming is achievable via viral vector-mediated ectopic transcription factor expression.
  • Genomic integration of viral transgenes poses significant challenges for human therapeutic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a non-integrative method for fibroblast reprogramming using recombinant proteins.
  • To assess the efficacy of cell-penetrating peptide-conjugated transcription factor proteins for reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Production of recombinant OCT4, SOX2, c-MYC, and KLF4 proteins in E. coli.
  • Fusion of HIV1 TAT domain to transcription factor proteins for cell penetration.
  • Addition of purified proteins to mammalian cell culture medium.

Main Results:

  • Recombinant proteins successfully entered mammalian cells.
  • Proteins were largely sequestered within endosomes, hindering nuclear translocation.
  • Nuclear delivery and subsequent reprogramming were not achieved with the current method.

Conclusions:

  • Protein-based reprogramming offers a potential non-integrative alternative for clinical applications.
  • Endosomal entrapment is a critical barrier to efficient protein-based cellular reprogramming.
  • Further optimization is required to enable nuclear delivery and therapeutic efficacy.