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Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
Development of Antibiotic Resistance01:30

Development of Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...
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Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria arises when microorganisms evolve the ability to withstand drugs designed to kill them or inhibit their growth, rendering once-effective treatments useless. This phenomenon, driven by genetic change and selection under antibiotic exposure, poses a profound threat to modern medicine. Mechanisms include drug-inactivating enzymes (e.g., β-lactamases), efflux pumps that eject antibiotics, mutations altering antibiotic targets, decreased drug uptake, and acquisition...

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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings
19:57

An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings

Published on: March 30, 2014

New developments in HIV drug resistance.

Patricia A Cane1

  • 1Virus Reference Department, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK. pat.cane@hpa.org.uk

The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
|August 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary

New antiretroviral drugs, including integrase inhibitors and CCR5 antagonists, offer hope for HIV-1 treatment. Novel assays are crucial for monitoring drug resistance in patients on these advanced therapies.

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Recent licensing of novel antiretroviral drugs for HIV-1 infection.
  • Introduction of new drug classes: integrase inhibitors and CCR5 antagonists.
  • Availability of new protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) for resistant strains.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight recent advancements in antiretroviral therapies for HIV-1.
  • To emphasize the need for updated diagnostic tools for monitoring treatment.
  • To discuss the implications of new drug classes on resistance detection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of newly licensed antiretroviral drugs.
  • Description of drug classes: integrase inhibitors, CCR5 antagonists, protease inhibitors, and NNRTIs.

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Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

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An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings
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Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
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Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

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  • Discussion of the necessity for novel resistance detection assays.

    • Main Results:

    • Several new antiretroviral agents are now available, including raltegravir (integrase inhibitor) and maraviroc (CCR5 antagonist).
    • New protease inhibitors (atazanavir, darunavir) and an NNRTI (etravirine) show efficacy against resistant HIV-1 strains.
    • Development of new laboratory assays and interpretation systems is essential for monitoring patients on these novel therapies.

    Conclusions:

    • Clinical advances in HIV-1 treatment necessitate corresponding laboratory advancements.
    • Novel assays are critical for effective laboratory monitoring of patients receiving new antiretroviral drugs.
    • Monitoring drug resistance is key to successful management of HIV-1 infection with emerging therapies.