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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
Hemodialysis I: Introduction01:25

Hemodialysis I: Introduction

Hemodialysis (HD) is a medical treatment that artificially removes waste products, excess fluids, and toxins from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to perform these functions effectively. In this process, blood is filtered through a semipermeable membrane, allowing for the selective removal of waste while preserving necessary components like blood cells and proteins. Hemodialysis is typically performed in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or severe kidney...
Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Varicose Veins II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:26

Varicose Veins II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Varicose veins, or varicosities, develop when the valves in the veins, which control blood flow, weaken or damage. It causes blood to pool and the veins to enlarge. Understanding the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management options for varicose veins is crucial for effective treatment and relief.Clinical manifestationsClinical manifestations of varicose veins include a heavy, achy feeling or pain after prolonged standing or sitting. This discomfort can often be relieved by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Technical Aspects of the Mouse Aortocaval Fistula
06:12

Technical Aspects of the Mouse Aortocaval Fistula

Published on: July 11, 2013

Vesicovaginal fistula: An update.

Santosh Kumar1, Nitin S Kekre, Ganesh Gopalakrishnan

  • 1Department of Urology, Christian Medical College, Vellore - 632 004, India.

Indian Journal of Urology : IJU : Journal of the Urological Society of India
|August 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) repair remains challenging. Recent literature suggests evolving approaches and optimal timing for VVF surgical management, including laparoscopic and robotic techniques.

Keywords:
Laparoscopyrobotic repairvesicovaginal fistula

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Creating Radio-cephalic Arteriovenous Fistula in the Forearm with a Modified No-Touch Technique
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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Technical Aspects of the Mouse Aortocaval Fistula
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Creating Radio-cephalic Arteriovenous Fistula in the Forearm with a Modified No-Touch Technique
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Creating Radio-cephalic Arteriovenous Fistula in the Forearm with a Modified No-Touch Technique

Published on: April 1, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Gynecology
  • Surgical Innovation

Background:

  • Vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) presents a persistent social and surgical challenge.
  • Despite advancements, optimal timing and surgical techniques for VVF repair remain debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent literature on the timing and surgical approaches for VVF repair.
  • To synthesize current evidence on managing vesicovaginal fistulae.

Main Methods:

  • Medline database search for literature published in the last 5 years.
  • Keywords used: vesicovaginal fistula, laparoscopy, and robotic repair.

Main Results:

  • The review focuses on recent findings regarding VVF repair strategies.
  • Analysis of laparoscopic and robotic approaches in VVF management is central.

Conclusions:

  • Current literature provides insights into evolving VVF repair timing and techniques.
  • Further research may clarify the ideal surgical approach for vesicovaginal fistulae.