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Related Concept Videos

Electric Field of Two Equal and Opposite Charges01:30

Electric Field of Two Equal and Opposite Charges

Atoms generally contain the same number of positively and negatively charged particles, protons, and electrons. Hence, they are electrically neutral. However, the centers of the positive and negative charges do not always coincide. In such a scenario, the electric field of an atom may not be zero.
A separation of the positive and negative charges can lead to a weak, remnant effect of the positive and negative charges. The expectation is that the more the distance between the positive and...
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Gauss' law relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the net charge enclosed by that surface. Gauss's law can be applied to find the electric field and the charge enclosed in a region depending on its charge distribution.
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The divergence of a vector is a measure of how much the vector spreads out (diverges) from a point. For example, an electric field vector diverges from the positive charge and converges at the negative charge. The divergence of an electric field is derived using Gauss's law and is equal to the charge density divided by the permittivity of space. Mathematically, it is expressed as
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures
08:32

External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures

Published on: May 7, 2017

Bilinear electric field gradient focusing.

Xuefei Sun1, Dan Li, Adam T Woolley

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.

Journal of Chromatography. A
|August 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nonlinear electric field gradient focusing (EFGF) significantly enhances peak capacity in analytical separations. This advanced EFGF method uses a nonlinear gradient to achieve dynamic improvements in analyte separation and resolution.

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Published on: January 3, 2018

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures
08:32

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Published on: May 7, 2017

Fabrication Procedures and Birefringence Measurements for Designing Magnetically Responsive Lanthanide Ion Chelating Phospholipid Assemblies
09:38

Fabrication Procedures and Birefringence Measurements for Designing Magnetically Responsive Lanthanide Ion Chelating Phospholipid Assemblies

Published on: January 3, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Separation Science
  • Microfluidics

Background:

  • Electric field gradient focusing (EFGF) separates and focuses charged analytes using electric fields and hydrodynamic flow.
  • Traditional EFGF devices with linear gradients offer limited improvement in peak capacity compared to conventional capillary electrophoresis (CE).
  • Nonlinear gradients are proposed to dynamically enhance peak capacity in EFGF systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of nonlinear electric field gradients for improving peak capacity in EFGF.
  • To experimentally demonstrate enhanced analyte separation and resolution using a nonlinear gradient EFGF device.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical simulations were performed to predict peak capacity changes with linear versus nonlinear (convex bilinear) gradients.
  • An EFGF device with a convex bilinear gradient was fabricated using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-functionalized acrylic copolymers.
  • Gradient profiles were experimentally verified by analyzing protein focusing positions under varying flow rates and constant voltage.
  • Dynamically controlled elution and resolution enhancement were demonstrated in a monolith-filled bilinear EFGF channel.

Main Results:

  • Simulations predicted a substantial increase in peak capacity (from 20 to 150 in a 4-cm channel) by switching from a linear to a convex bilinear gradient.
  • Experimental validation confirmed the desired nonlinear gradient profile.
  • Moving analytes from a steep to a shallow gradient segment in the nonlinear EFGF channel significantly improved peak resolution for stacked proteins.

Conclusions:

  • Nonlinear electric field gradients dynamically increase the peak capacity of EFGF.
  • The developed nonlinear gradient EFGF method offers significantly improved analyte separation and resolution.
  • This approach advances microfluidic separation techniques for complex sample analysis.