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Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

Fetal Circulation

Fetal Circulation

Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

Stroke: Introduction and Types

Stroke: Introduction and Types

A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Neonatal Stroke in P10 Rats

Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Neonatal Stroke in P10 Rats

Published on: April 21, 2017

Neonatal arterial ischaemic stroke: obstetric issues.

Jeanie L Y Cheong¹, Frances M Cowan

¹Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.

Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine

|August 18, 2009

Summary

Perinatal arterial ischaemic stroke (PAIS) is a significant cause of childhood neurological issues. Identifying diverse risk factors in term and preterm infants is crucial for understanding and preventing PAIS.

Area of Science:

Neurology
Pediatrics
Neonatology

Background:

Perinatal arterial ischaemic stroke (PAIS) is a growing concern for pediatric neurological morbidity.
The precise causes of PAIS are not fully understood, but some perinatal risk factors have been noted in limited studies.
Risk factors for PAIS differ between term and preterm infants.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and differentiate risk factors associated with perinatal arterial ischaemic stroke in term versus preterm infants.
To highlight the multifactorial nature of PAIS etiology.

Main Methods:

Review of existing case series and literature to identify reported risk factors.
Comparison of risk factor profiles between term and preterm infant populations experiencing PAIS.

More Related Videos

A Swine Model of Neonatal Asphyxia

A Swine Model of Neonatal Asphyxia

Published on: October 11, 2011

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Neonatal Stroke in P10 Rats

Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Neonatal Stroke in P10 Rats

Published on: April 21, 2017

A Swine Model of Neonatal Asphyxia

A Swine Model of Neonatal Asphyxia

Published on: October 11, 2011

Main Results:

In term infants, risk factors include maternal primiparity, infertility, cocaine use, prothrombotic disorders, prolonged membrane rupture, abnormal cardiotocography, instrumental deliveries, and emergency cesarean sections.
Uncomplicated vaginal delivery and prelabor cesarean sections are rarely associated with PAIS.
In preterm infants, risk factors identified include fetal heart abnormalities, twin-twin transfusion, and hypoglycemia.
The presence of multiple risk factors elevates the likelihood of developing PAIS.

Conclusions:

PAIS etiology is complex and multifactorial, with distinct risk profiles for term and preterm neonates.
Further large-scale cohort studies are necessary to fully elucidate the pathways leading to perinatal arterial stroke.