Jumping performance of planthoppers (Hemiptera, Issidae).

Area of Science:

• Insect biomechanics
• Locomotion and jumping mechanisms in insects

Background:

• Planthoppers (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoroidea, Issidae) are known for their jumping ability.
• Understanding the mechanics of insect jumping is crucial for biomechanical studies.

Purpose of the Study:

• To analyze the hind limb structure and movement kinematics of Issidae planthoppers during jumping.
• To elucidate the propulsion mechanism enabling high-speed, long-distance jumps in these insects.

Main Methods:

• High-speed imaging (up to 7500 images s(-1)) to capture leg movements.
• Analysis of hind limb morphology, including coxae and femur articulation.
• Calculation of jump performance metrics: acceleration, velocity, force, distance, energy, and power output.

Main Results:

• Hind legs are proportionally long (65% of body length) and move in a synchronized plane.
• A novel coxal protrusion and femoral patch mechanism was identified for leg cocking.
• Jumps achieved 5.5 m s(-1) take-off velocity, 719 g acceleration, and 1.1 m horizontal displacement.
• Performance indicates a catapult mechanism, with Issus rivaling froghoppers in jumping efficiency.

Conclusions:

• The unique hind limb structure and synchronized movements in Issidae facilitate powerful jumps.
• A catapult mechanism is implied, positioning Issus among the most efficient insect jumpers.
• Further research can explore the evolutionary and functional significance of these jumping adaptations.