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Related Concept Videos

Propagation of Waves01:07

Propagation of Waves

When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
Consider a scenario where a wave propagates from a string of low linear mass density to a string of high linear mass density. In such a case, the reflected wave is out of phase with respect to the incident wave, however the...
Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

Modes of Standing Waves: II

The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end.
Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

Modes of Standing Waves - I

A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This phenomenon...
Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
Standing Waves01:17

Standing Waves

Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
Standing Electromagnetic Waves01:15

Standing Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
Suppose a sheet of a perfect conductor is placed in the yz-plane, and a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave traveling in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Continuous-wave backward-wave generation by degenerate four-wave mixing in ruby.

P F Liao, D M Bloom

    Optics Letters
    |August 18, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study demonstrates continuous-wave (cw) wavefront conjugation using degenerate four-wave mixing in a solid ruby crystal. Researchers achieved 3% conversion efficiency for conjugate-wave generation with an argon-ion laser.

    Area of Science:

    • Nonlinear optics
    • Solid-state physics

    Background:

    • Wavefront conjugation is crucial for correcting optical distortions.
    • Degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) is a nonlinear optical process used for wavefront conjugation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate cw wavefront conjugation in a solid-state material.
    • To investigate the efficiency of DFWM in a ruby crystal for conjugate-wave generation.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) in a ruby crystal.
    • Employed a continuous-wave (cw) argon-ion laser as the light source.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved the first reported demonstration of cw wavefront conjugation in a solid.
    • Obtained a 3% conversion efficiency for conjugate-wave generation.

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    Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
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    Measurement of Coherence Decay in GaMnAs Using Femtosecond Four-wave Mixing
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    Measurement of Coherence Decay in GaMnAs Using Femtosecond Four-wave Mixing

    Published on: December 3, 2013

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    Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
    06:42

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    Published on: June 8, 2018

    Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
    10:00

    Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

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    Measurement of Coherence Decay in GaMnAs Using Femtosecond Four-wave Mixing
    15:58

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    Conclusions:

    • Solid-state materials are viable for cw wavefront conjugation via DFWM.
    • Ruby crystals offer potential for efficient conjugate-wave generation in optical systems.