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Cross-reactivity

Cross-reactivity

Active versus Passive Immunity

Active versus Passive Immunity

Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
Active Immunity
Active immunity refers to the resistance one develops...

Immunological Memory

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...

Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Humoral Immune Responses

Humoral Immune Responses

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Antigenic Liposomes for Generation of Disease-specific Antibodies

Antigenic Liposomes for Generation of Disease-specific Antibodies

Published on: October 25, 2018

[Alloimmunization].

Eduardo Baiochi¹, Luciano Marcondes Machado Nardozza

¹Departamento de Obstetrícia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. edubaiochi@ultrarapida.com.br

Revista Brasileira De Ginecologia E Obstetricia : Revista Da Federacao Brasileira Das Sociedades De Ginecologia E Obstetricia

|August 18, 2009

Summary

Alloimmunization in pregnancy occurs when a mother forms antibodies to fetal red blood cell antigens. Prophylaxis with anti-D significantly reduces these cases, improving fetal survival rates.

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Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade

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Published on: March 14, 2011

Area of Science:

Obstetrics and Gynecology
Immunology
Transfusion Medicine

Context:

Alloimmunization involves antibody formation against non-self antigens, common in incompatible blood transfusions and pregnancies.
Fetal red blood cell antigens of paternal origin can trigger maternal alloimmunization.
This review focuses on erythrocyte antigen alloimmunization in obstetric patients.

Purpose:

To review alloimmunization against erythrocyte antigens in obstetric patients.
To discuss diagnostic methods and management strategies for alloimmunized pregnancies.
To highlight advancements in prenatal care and prophylaxis for hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Summary:

Alloimmunization against red blood cell antigens, particularly anti-D, anti-c, and anti-Kell, is a significant concern in pregnancy.
Irregular antibody screening and advanced genetic techniques aid in diagnosing and characterizing alloimmunized patients.
Modern management includes Doppler ultrasound, real-time intravascular transfusions, and improved blood products, enhancing fetal survival.

Impact:

Effective prophylaxis, especially with anti-D immunoglobulin, is crucial for reducing alloimmunization and hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Technological advancements have improved the diagnosis and management of alloimmunized pregnancies.
These strategies collectively enhance the survival rates of fetuses at risk.