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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Transducer Mechanism: G Protein–Coupled Receptors01:30

Transducer Mechanism: G Protein–Coupled Receptors

G Protein–Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to various stimuli. GPCRs regulate critical physiological pathways and are excellent drug targets for treating diseases such as diabetes, cancer, obesity, depression, or Alzheimer's. Nearly 35% of approved drugs implement their therapeutic effects by selectively interacting with specific GPCRs.
GPCRs are also called heptahelical, 7TM, or...
Drug-Receptor Interactions01:29

Drug-Receptor Interactions

Drug-receptor interaction describes the binding of receptors by drugs, but not all drug-receptor interactions result in activation and tissue response. For instance, the binding of agonists activates the receptor to generate a cellular reaction, while antagonists bind to receptors without causing their activation.
Several parameters, such as the drug's affinity for its receptor and its efficacy, which is its ability to activate the receptor, determine the drug's effect on the tissue.
Opioid Receptors: Overview01:22

Opioid Receptors: Overview

Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]-enkephalin or DPDPE for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

High-throughput Analysis of Mammalian Olfactory Receptors: Measurement of Receptor Activation via Luciferase Activity
12:02

High-throughput Analysis of Mammalian Olfactory Receptors: Measurement of Receptor Activation via Luciferase Activity

Published on: June 2, 2014

Olfactory receptor interactions with other receptors.

Randy A Hall1

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. rhall@pharm.emory.edu

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|August 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Olfactory receptors (ORs) often fail to reach the cell surface in lab studies. Co-expression with other receptors, like adrenergic or purinergic types, significantly improves OR surface expression and function.

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Published on: June 2, 2014

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular and Cellular Biology
  • G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) research
  • Sensory receptor expression systems

Background:

  • Olfactory receptors (ORs) are crucial for smell but challenging to express functionally in heterologous systems.
  • A common issue is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention, preventing cell surface localization and limiting study.
  • Understanding OR trafficking is key to unlocking their potential in various research applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate methods for improving olfactory receptor M71 surface expression in heterologous cells.
  • To determine if interactions with other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can overcome trafficking deficits.
  • To explore how co-expressed partner receptors influence M71 signaling pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized heterologous cell expression systems to co-express olfactory receptor M71 with various adrenergic and purinergic receptors.
  • Assessed M71 localization and plasma membrane expression levels using immunofluorescence and cell surface biotinylation assays.
  • Analyzed M71-mediated signaling pathways in response to agonist stimulation, comparing cells with and without partner receptors.

Main Results:

  • Co-expression of olfactory receptor M71 with specific adrenergic and purinergic receptors significantly enhanced M71 trafficking to the plasma membrane.
  • Partner receptor interactions successfully alleviated ER retention, leading to robust surface expression of M71.
  • The choice of partner receptor modulated the downstream signaling pathway coupled by M71 upon agonist binding.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory receptors can form functional interactions with other GPCRs, such as adrenergic and purinergic receptors.
  • These heterologous interactions are a viable strategy to promote olfactory receptor surface expression and functionality in non-native environments.
  • GPCR partner interactions offer a powerful tool for studying ORs and potentially engineering novel sensory systems.