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Related Concept Videos

Antihypertensive Drugs: Action of Calcium Channel Blockers01:18

Antihypertensive Drugs: Action of Calcium Channel Blockers

Calcium ions are essential to contract smooth muscle cells in blood vessels. They enter these cells through voltage-dependent calcium channels, specifically L-type calcium channels in the cell membrane. These L-type calcium channels are integral to the excitation-contraction coupling process in smooth muscle. When a stimulus is received by smooth muscle cells, their membrane depolarizes. This alteration in membrane potential instigates the opening of L-type calcium channels. As a result,...
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Class I antiarrhythmic drugs are used to treat various types of arrhythmias or irregular heart rhythms. These drugs block the sodium (Na+) channels in the cardiac cells, thereby affecting the movement of electrical impulses across the heart. Class I antiarrhythmic drugs are divided into three subgroups: Class IA, Class IB, and Class IC, each with distinct mechanisms of action and effects on the heart.
Class 1A Antiarrhythmic Drugs: These drugs work by moderately blocking sodium channels,...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers01:17

Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers

Calcium channel blockers, a class of antiepileptic drugs, regulate the flow of calcium ions within neurons.
Calcium channel blockers exert their antiepileptic effects by targeting T-type calcium channels, which are integral to transmitting nerve signals in the central nervous system. These channels allow the passage of calcium ions, which are vital for neuronal communication. By inhibiting T-type calcium channels, calcium channel blockers effectively reduce the release of neurotransmitters and...
Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class IV Agents as Calcium Channel Blockers01:20

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class IV Agents as Calcium Channel Blockers

Class IV antiarrhythmic drugs, such as verapamil and diltiazem, block calcium channels. They primarily affect the heart, slowing the conduction in calcium-dependent tissues like the SA and AV nodes. These drugs manage reentrant supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and reduce ventricular rate in atrial flutter/fibrillation.
Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, inhibits calcium movement across myocardial cell membranes and vascular smooth muscle. This results in the dilation of coronary and...
Antianginal Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers and Ranolazine01:25

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Angina pectoris, a primary symptom of ischemic heart disease, requires careful pharmacological interventions. In this context, calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and ranolazine have emerged as crucial pharmacotherapeutic agents, providing deep insights into the complexities of angina management.
CCBs, a diverse class that includes dihydropyridines (nifedipine) and diphenylalkylamines (verapamil and diltiazem), exert their effect by blocking calcium channels in cardiac and smooth muscle cells. This...
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Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...

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High-Throughput Optical Controlling and Recording Calcium Signal in iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes for Toxicity Testing and Phenotypic Drug Screening
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Calcium channel blocker toxicity.

Anna Maria Arroyo1, Louise W Kao

  • 1Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. aarroyo@neoucom.edu

Pediatric Emergency Care
|August 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Calcium channel blockers treat various conditions but carry risks. This review focuses on pediatric calcium channel blocker toxicity, covering its presentation and management.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Pediatric Toxicology

Background:

  • Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are widely prescribed for cardiovascular and neurological conditions in adults and children.
  • Increased therapeutic use correlates with a higher incidence of CCB misuse and toxicity.
  • Pediatric CCB toxicity presents unique challenges in diagnosis and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiology of calcium channel blockers.
  • To emphasize the presentation of pediatric patients experiencing CCB toxicity.
  • To outline management strategies for pediatric CCB toxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of calcium channel blocker physiology.
  • Analysis of clinical presentations of pediatric CCB toxicity.
  • Synthesis of current management guidelines for CCB overdose in children.

Main Results:

  • CCB overdose can lead to severe cardiovascular complications, including hypotension and bradycardia.
  • Specific CCB formulations may have distinct toxicity profiles.
  • Management requires prompt supportive care and consideration of advanced therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding CCB pharmacology is crucial for recognizing toxicity.
  • Early identification and intervention are key to improving outcomes in pediatric CCB poisoning.
  • This review provides a framework for managing pediatric CCB toxicity.