Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

1.3K
Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
1.3K
Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion01:17

Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion

1.1K
Understanding and evaluating diffusion and perfusion is critical in assessing a patient's respiratory and circulatory health. These processes play key roles in maintaining the body's internal environment, ensuring that tissues receive adequate oxygen while waste products are efficiently removed.
The Role of Diffusion in Respiration
Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In the respiratory system, this...
1.1K
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

1.2K
When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
1.2K
Acute Respiratory Failure-III01:30

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

360
Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without...
360
Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood01:19

Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood

2.6K
Carbon dioxide (CO2) transport in the blood is critical to human physiology. On average, our body cells produce around 200 mL of CO2 per minute, precisely the quantity expelled by the lungs. This process involves the transportation of CO2 from the tissue cells to the lungs in three primary forms.
Forms of CO2 Transport
1. Dissolved in plasma: A small percentage (7-10%) of CO2 is transported and dissolved directly in the plasma.
2. Carbaminohemoglobin: Just over 20% of CO2 is chemically bound to...
2.6K
Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:31

Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

1.3K
Chemical factors such as changing CO2, O2, and H+ levels in arterial blood play a critical role in influencing respiration depth and rates. These variations are detected by chemoreceptors—specialized sensors located in two primary body areas. Central chemoreceptors are found throughout the brain stem, including the ventrolateral medulla, while peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries.
CO2 has a potent influence on respiration and is strictly regulated....
1.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Acute Cytotoxic Cerebellar Edema Subsequent to Fentanyl Patch Intoxication in an Infant.

Case reports in critical care·2021
Same author

Primary meningococcal arthritis leading to Neisseria meningitidies purpura fulminans.

The western journal of emergency medicine·2013
Same author

Extremely high urine arsenic level after remote seafood ingestion.

American journal of therapeutics·2012
Same author

Serotonin syndrome associated with MDPV use: a case report.

Annals of emergency medicine·2012
Same author

Benzodiazepine-associated atrioventricular block.

American journal of therapeutics·2010
Same author

Calcium channel blocker toxicity.

Pediatric emergency care·2009
Same journal

Why Dispelling Myths and Misconceptions in Emergency Medicine Matters.

Emergency medicine clinics of North America·2026
Same journal

Myths and Misconceptions in Emergency Medicine.

Emergency medicine clinics of North America·2026
Same journal

Acute Otitis Media-Watch and Wait Is Not a Myth.

Emergency medicine clinics of North America·2026
Same journal

Hot or Not? Myths and Misconceptions About Antipyretics for Pediatric Fever.

Emergency medicine clinics of North America·2026
Same journal

Epinephrine Improves Outcomes in Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests.

Emergency medicine clinics of North America·2026
Same journal

Myth: Pretreatment Prevents Intravenous Contrast Reactions in the Emergency Department.

Emergency medicine clinics of North America·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 26, 2025

Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
07:52

Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department

Published on: January 29, 2011

16.3K

Carbon Monoxide Toxicity.

Kristine A Nañagas1, Shannon J Penfound2, Louise W Kao3

  • 1Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana Poison Center, 1701 North Senate Boulevard, B412b, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.

Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
|April 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Carbon monoxide poisoning causes thousands of deaths annually, affecting the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Diagnosis and treatment of carbon monoxide toxicity remain challenging, with standard therapy being normobaric oxygen.

Keywords:
Carbon monoxideCarboxyhemoglobinDelayed neurologic sequelaeHyperbaric oxygenNeuropsychometric testingNormobaric oxygenPoisoningToxicity

More Related Videos

Measuring Carbon Content in Airway Macrophages Exposed to Carbon-Containing Particulate Matters
05:18

Measuring Carbon Content in Airway Macrophages Exposed to Carbon-Containing Particulate Matters

Published on: July 12, 2024

417
Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System
10:44

Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System

Published on: May 24, 2017

11.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 26, 2025

Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
07:52

Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department

Published on: January 29, 2011

16.3K
Measuring Carbon Content in Airway Macrophages Exposed to Carbon-Containing Particulate Matters
05:18

Measuring Carbon Content in Airway Macrophages Exposed to Carbon-Containing Particulate Matters

Published on: July 12, 2024

417
Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System
10:44

Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System

Published on: May 24, 2017

11.6K

Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a significant global health concern, responsible for numerous annual fatalities.
  • Clinical manifestations of CO toxicity are varied, impacting neurological and cardiovascular systems, and can present acutely or with delayed onset.
  • The complex pathophysiology of CO poisoning complicates diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical effects, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic controversies surrounding carbon monoxide poisoning.
  • To highlight the complexities in diagnosing CO toxicity, where carboxyhemoglobin levels may not accurately reflect poisoning severity.
  • To discuss the ongoing debate regarding optimal treatment strategies for carbon monoxide poisoning.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of carbon monoxide poisoning.
  • Analysis of clinical presentations and diagnostic criteria for CO toxicity.
  • Evaluation of current therapeutic approaches, including normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen.

Main Results:

  • Carbon monoxide poisoning presents with a wide spectrum of clinical effects, including neurological and cardiovascular symptoms.
  • Diagnosis can be difficult, as carboxyhemoglobin levels do not consistently correlate with the severity of poisoning.
  • Normobaric oxygen is the established treatment, but the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen remains uncertain.

Conclusions:

  • Carbon monoxide poisoning requires careful clinical evaluation due to diagnostic uncertainties.
  • Therapeutic strategies for carbon monoxide toxicity are still under debate, particularly concerning the role of hyperbaric oxygen.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the efficacy of different oxygen therapies in managing carbon monoxide poisoning.