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Calculation of Electric Flux

Calculation of Electric Flux

Consider the electric field of an oppositely charged, parallel-plate system and an imaginary box between those plates. Let the bottom face of the box be ABCD, and the top face be FGHK. The electric field between the plates is uniform and points from the positive plate toward the negative plate. The calculation of this field's flux through the box's various faces shows that the net flux through the box is zero. Why does the flux cancel out here?

Gauss's Law: Problem-Solving

Gauss's Law: Problem-Solving

Gauss's law helps determine electric fields even though the law is not directly about electric fields but electric flux. In situations with certain symmetries (spherical, cylindrical, or planar) in the charge distribution, the electric field can be deduced based on the knowledge of the electric flux. In these systems, we can find a Gaussian surface S over which the electric field has a constant magnitude. Furthermore, suppose the electric field is parallel (or antiparallel) to the area vector...

Determining Electric Field From Electric Potential

Determining Electric Field From Electric Potential

The electric field and electric potential are related to each other. If the electric field at various points in the region of interest is known, it can be used to calculate the electric potential difference between any two points. Similarly, if the electric potential is known for various points, then it is possible to calculate the electric field.
In general, regardless of whether the electric field is uniform, it points in the direction of decreasing potential because the force on a positive...

Electric Field of a Non Uniformly Charged Sphere

Electric Field of a Non Uniformly Charged Sphere

Gauss's law states that the electric flux through any closed surface equals the net charge enclosed within the surface. This law is beneficial for determining the expressions for the electric field for a particular charge distribution if the electric flux is known.
Consider a non-uniformly charged sphere, for which the density of charge depends only on the distance from a point in space and not on the direction. Such a sphere has a spherically symmetrical charge distribution. Here, the electric...

Electric Field of a Charged Disk

Electric Field of a Charged Disk

The simplest case of a surface charge distribution is the uniformly charged disk. Calculating its electric field also helps us calculate the electric field of a large plane of charge.
The system's symmetry is in the cylindrical directions across the plane of the charge. As a result, the electric fields created by various surface charge elements nullify each other in the direction parallel to the surface. Thereby, the resulting electric field is perpendicular to the plane. Since the disk is...

Calculations of Electric Potential II

Calculations of Electric Potential II

An electric dipole is a system of two equal but opposite charges, separated by a fixed distance. This system is used to model many real-world systems, including atomic and molecular interactions. One of these systems is the water molecule, but only under certain circumstances. These circumstances are met inside a microwave oven, where electric fields with alternating directions make the water molecules change orientation. This vibration is equivalent to heat at the molecular level.
Consider a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

A Machine-Vision Approach to Transmission Electron Microscopy Workflows, Results Analysis and Data Management

A Machine-Vision Approach to Transmission Electron Microscopy Workflows, Results Analysis and Data Management

Published on: June 23, 2023

Evaluation of the eclipse electron Monte Carlo dose calculation for small fields.

Zhigang Xu¹, Sarah E Walsh¹, Tejas P Telivala¹

¹Department of Radiation Oncology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York.

Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics

|August 21, 2009

Summary

The Eclipse treatment planning system's Monte Carlo electron dose calculation algorithm (eMC) accurately predicts dose and monitor units for small electron fields. This advanced algorithm surpasses older rules of thumb for precise radiation therapy planning.

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Quantitative Atomic-Site Analysis of Functional Dopants/Point Defects in Crystalline Materials by Electron-Channeling-Enhanced Microanalysis

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Radiation Planning Assistant - A Streamlined, Fully Automated Radiotherapy Treatment Planning System

Radiation Planning Assistant - A Streamlined, Fully Automated Radiotherapy Treatment Planning System

Published on: April 11, 2018

Area of Science:

Medical Physics
Radiation Oncology
Computational Dosimetry

Background:

Traditional electron treatment planning algorithms have limitations in accurately calculating depth doses and monitor units for small fields.
A previous rule of thumb for approximating limiting cutout size based on lateral scatter equilibrium (E (MeV)/2.5 cm) is often used but may lack precision.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the accuracy of the Monte Carlo electron dose calculation algorithm (eMC) implemented in the Eclipse treatment planning system.
To compare eMC calculations with measurements for depth doses, isodose distributions, and monitor units across various electron energies and small field sizes.

Main Methods:

Implemented the eMC algorithm within the Eclipse treatment planning system.
Conducted comparative analysis of eMC calculations against experimental measurements.
Utilized EBT film and PinPoint Ion Chamber for dose and distribution measurements at various Source Surface Distances (SSDs).

Main Results:

The eMC algorithm demonstrated high accuracy (within 2.5%) in predicting depth doses, isodose distributions, and monitor units for field sizes as small as 3.0 cm diameter (6-20 MeV at 100 cm SSD).
The eMC algorithm's accuracy at extended SSDs (105-110 cm) was within 4% for higher energies (12, 16, 20 MeV) at a 3 cm field size.
Results indicate the previous energy-dependent rule of thumb is not applicable to the Eclipse eMC code.

Conclusions:

The Eclipse treatment planning system's eMC algorithm provides accurate dose calculations for small electron fields, improving treatment planning precision.
The findings validate the eMC algorithm's capability for small field dosimetry, superseding older approximation methods.
Clinical implementation of eMC enhances the reliability of electron beam therapy planning, especially for complex small field scenarios.