Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
Published on: July 30, 2017
Palladium(II) complexes of 1,10-phenanthroline: Synthesis and X-ray crystal structure determination
Rafael A Adrian1, Grant A Broker, Edward R T Tiekink
1Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249-0698
Abstract:
Two palladium(II) complexes, [Pd(phen)(N identical withCCH(3))(2)][O(3)SCF(3)](2) (1) and [Pd(phen)(mu-OH)](2)[O(3)SCF(3)](2).2H(2)O (2) (where phen= 1,10-phenanthroline), have been crystallized following the reaction of Pd(phen)Cl(2) with silver triflate, Ag(O(3)SCF(3)), in acetonitrile and water, respectively. The structures of both complexes are based on a Pd(phen)(2+) metal core, with two acetonitrile molecules binding in a monodentate fashion in complex 1 and two hydroxo bridges holding together two cores to form a dimer in complex 2. Additionally, both complexes present a hydrogen bonded 3-D network involving the triflate anions in 1, and water and triflate anions in 2. Both complexes have been characterized by infrared and (1)H NMR spectroscopy and their crystal structures determined by X-ray crystallography.
Related Concept Videos
Determination of Crystal Structures
Valence Bond Theory
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

