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Related Concept Videos

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
The calcium concentration in blood plasma is primarily regulated...
Sulfate Attack on Concrete01:29

Sulfate Attack on Concrete

Sulfate attack on concrete is a deterioration process characterized by a whitish discoloration beginning at the edges and corners, accompanied by cracking and spalling. This phenomenon occurs when sulfates react with the components of hardened concrete, forming compounds like calcium sulfate and calcium sulfoaluminate which occupy more space than the substances they replace, causing the concrete to expand and disrupt.
Sulfates from sources like soil, groundwater, or industrial effluents...
Introduction to Electrolytes01:33

Introduction to Electrolytes

In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
Role of Sodium
One...
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:

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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Direct and Indirect Culture Methods for Studying Biodegradable Implant Materials In Vitro
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Silicon-substituted calcium phosphates - a critical view.

Marc Bohner1

  • 1RMS Foundation, Bischmattstrasse 12, CH-2544 Bettlach, Switzerland. marc.bohner@rms-foundation.ch

Biomaterials
|August 22, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Silicon-substituted calcium phosphates (CaP) show enhanced biological properties. However, this article questions the link between these improvements and silicon ion release, highlighting a lack of direct experimental evidence.

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Materials Chemistry
  • Bioinorganic Chemistry

Background:

  • Silicon (Si) substitution in calcium phosphates (CaP) like hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) is widely believed to enhance biological properties.
  • A 2007 review suggested that Si-substituted CaP ceramics offer superior biological performance compared to their stoichiometric counterparts.

Discussion:

  • This article critically examines the prevailing statement regarding the superior biological performance of Si-substituted CaP.
  • It highlights a controversial lack of experimental evidence directly linking improved biological outcomes to the release of Si ions at therapeutic concentrations.
  • The discussion emphasizes that no studies have established a causal relationship between Si release and the enhanced bioactivity of these materials.

Key Insights:

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  • The widely accepted notion of enhanced biological properties in Si-substituted CaP requires re-evaluation.
  • Current scientific literature lacks direct experimental proof for Si ion release from these materials at therapeutically relevant levels.
  • The presumed link between Si release and improved biological performance in Si-substituted CaP is not experimentally substantiated.

Outlook:

  • Further research is needed to elucidate the actual mechanisms behind the biological effects of Si-substituted CaP.
  • Investigating alternative explanations for the observed bioactivity, independent of Si ion release, is crucial.
  • Clarifying the role of Si substitution requires studies that directly measure Si ion release and correlate it with specific biological responses.