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Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting of Plant Protoplasts
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Plant phase transitions make a SPLash.

Fabio Fornara1, George Coupland

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding, Cologne D-50829, Germany.

Cell
|August 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Plant development involves crucial phase transitions, from juvenile to adult and vegetative to reproductive stages. MicroRNAs and transcription factors are key regulators coordinating these essential developmental shifts.

Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Molecular genetics

Background:

  • Plants exhibit distinct developmental phases, including juvenile, adult, vegetative, and reproductive stages.
  • Post-embryonic development involves complex transitions between these phases.

Discussion:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and their transcription factor (TF) targets play a crucial role in regulating plant phase transitions.
  • These molecular mechanisms coordinate the shift from juvenile to adult and vegetative to reproductive development.

Key Insights:

  • Recent studies highlight the intricate interplay between miRNAs and TFs in orchestrating plant developmental timing.
  • Specific miRNA-TF interactions have been identified as critical for successful phase transitions.

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Outlook:

  • Understanding these regulatory networks can inform strategies for crop improvement and developmental control.
  • Further research into miRNA-TF interactions will deepen our knowledge of plant developmental plasticity.