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Cell Signaling in Plants

Cell Signaling in Plants

Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...

Plant Hormones

Plant Hormones

Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.

Plant Hormones

Plant Hormones

Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.

The Apoplast and Symplast

The Apoplast and Symplast

Plant growth depends on its ability to take up water and dissolved minerals from the soil. The root system of every plant is equipped with the necessary tissues to facilitate the entry of water and solutes. The plant tissues involved in the transport of water and minerals have two major compartments - the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells and consists of cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The...

Cell-surface Signaling

Cell-surface Signaling

Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.

Plant Cell Wall

Plant Cell Wall

The plant cell wall gives plant cells shape, support, and protection. As a cell matures, its cell wall specializes according to the cell type. For example, the parenchyma cells of leaves possess only a thin, primary cell wall.Collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells, on the other hand, mainly occur in the outer layers of a plant's stems and leaves. These cells provide the plant with strength and support by either partially thickening their primary cell wall (i.e., collenchyma), or depositing a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Direct Infusion Device for Molecule Delivery in Plants

Direct Infusion Device for Molecule Delivery in Plants

Published on: June 2, 2023

Secret message at the plant surface.

Hernán Boccalandro¹, Jorge Casal, Laura Serna

¹Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; Mendoza, Argentina.

Plant Signaling & Behavior

|August 26, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Individual stomata open in response to blue light, functioning independently of neighboring cells. This response involves PHOTOTROPIN1 and PHOTOTROPIN2 blue light receptors, impacting plant photosynthesis and water loss.

Keywords:

Stomata autonomous function blue light cellular irradiation phototropins

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Area of Science:

Plant biology
Photosynthesis research
Plant physiology

Background:

Stomata regulate gas exchange (CO2 uptake and water loss) in plants.
Stomatal opening typically occurs during the day and closing at night.
Blue light is a known environmental factor influencing stomatal behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the response of individual stomata to blue light.
To determine if individual stomata function independently of their neighbors.
To elucidate the role of blue light receptors in stomatal light responses.

Main Methods:

Irradiation of individual stomata using a laser.
Confocal microscopy techniques were employed.
Observation of stomatal pore behavior under controlled light conditions.

Main Results:

Individual stomata open in response to blue light.
Stomatal response to blue light is independent of neighboring stomata.
PHOTOTROPIN1 and PHOTOTROPIN2 blue light receptors are implicated in this response.

Conclusions:

Individual stomata exhibit autonomous blue light-induced opening.
This independent function has implications for understanding plant physiological responses.
The study highlights the specific roles of phototropins in regulating stomatal behavior.